diff --git a/fxbarcode/BC_TwoDimWriter.cpp b/fxbarcode/BC_TwoDimWriter.cpp
index 9906f35..6852fee 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/BC_TwoDimWriter.cpp
+++ b/fxbarcode/BC_TwoDimWriter.cpp
@@ -57,10 +57,9 @@
   return m_iCorrectLevel;
 }
 
-void CBC_TwoDimWriter::RenderResult(uint8_t* code,
+bool CBC_TwoDimWriter::RenderResult(uint8_t* code,
                                     int32_t codeWidth,
-                                    int32_t codeHeight,
-                                    int32_t& e) {
+                                    int32_t codeHeight) {
   int32_t inputWidth = codeWidth;
   int32_t inputHeight = codeHeight;
   int32_t tempWidth = inputWidth + 2;
@@ -77,8 +76,7 @@
   int32_t outputHeight = scaledHeight.ValueOrDie();
   if (m_bFixedSize) {
     if (m_Width < outputWidth || m_Height < outputHeight) {
-      e = BCExceptionBitmapSizeError;
-      return;
+      return false;
     }
   } else {
     if (m_Width > outputWidth || m_Height > outputHeight) {
@@ -104,12 +102,11 @@
     for (int32_t inputX = 0, outputX = leftPadding;
          (inputX < inputWidth) && (outputX < outputWidth - multiX);
          inputX++, outputX += multiX) {
-      if (code[inputX + inputY * inputWidth] == 1) {
-        if (!m_output->SetRegion(outputX, outputY, multiX, multiY)) {
-          e = BCExceptionGeneric;
-          return;
-        }
+      if (code[inputX + inputY * inputWidth] == 1 &&
+          !m_output->SetRegion(outputX, outputY, multiX, multiY)) {
+        return false;
       }
     }
   }
+  return true;
 }
diff --git a/fxbarcode/BC_TwoDimWriter.h b/fxbarcode/BC_TwoDimWriter.h
index f7d02de..e554805 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/BC_TwoDimWriter.h
+++ b/fxbarcode/BC_TwoDimWriter.h
@@ -20,10 +20,9 @@
   CBC_TwoDimWriter();
   ~CBC_TwoDimWriter() override;
 
-  virtual void RenderResult(uint8_t* code,
+  virtual bool RenderResult(uint8_t* code,
                             int32_t codeWidth,
-                            int32_t codeHeight,
-                            int32_t& e);
+                            int32_t codeHeight);
   virtual void RenderDeviceResult(CFX_RenderDevice* device,
                                   const CFX_Matrix* matrix);
   virtual bool SetErrorCorrectionLevel(int32_t level) = 0;
diff --git a/fxbarcode/cbc_codabar.cpp b/fxbarcode/cbc_codabar.cpp
index c104917..1d671ce 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/cbc_codabar.cpp
+++ b/fxbarcode/cbc_codabar.cpp
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 
 #include "fxbarcode/cbc_codabar.h"
 
+#include <memory>
+
 #include "fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedCodaBarWriter.h"
 
 CBC_Codabar::CBC_Codabar() : CBC_OneCode(new CBC_OnedCodaBarWriter) {}
@@ -28,71 +30,54 @@
 CBC_Codabar::~CBC_Codabar() {}
 
 bool CBC_Codabar::SetStartChar(char start) {
-  if (!m_pBCWriter)
-    return false;
-  return static_cast<CBC_OnedCodaBarWriter*>(m_pBCWriter.get())
-      ->SetStartChar(start);
+  return GetOnedCodaBarWriter()->SetStartChar(start);
 }
 
 bool CBC_Codabar::SetEndChar(char end) {
-  if (m_pBCWriter)
-    return static_cast<CBC_OnedCodaBarWriter*>(m_pBCWriter.get())
-        ->SetEndChar(end);
-  return false;
+  return GetOnedCodaBarWriter()->SetEndChar(end);
 }
 
 bool CBC_Codabar::SetTextLocation(BC_TEXT_LOC location) {
-  return static_cast<CBC_OnedCodaBarWriter*>(m_pBCWriter.get())
-      ->SetTextLocation(location);
+  return GetOnedCodaBarWriter()->SetTextLocation(location);
 }
 
-bool CBC_Codabar::SetWideNarrowRatio(int32_t ratio) {
-  if (m_pBCWriter)
-    return static_cast<CBC_OnedCodaBarWriter*>(m_pBCWriter.get())
-        ->SetWideNarrowRatio(ratio);
-  return false;
+bool CBC_Codabar::SetWideNarrowRatio(int8_t ratio) {
+  return GetOnedCodaBarWriter()->SetWideNarrowRatio(ratio);
 }
 
-bool CBC_Codabar::Encode(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
-                         bool isDevice,
-                         int32_t& e) {
-  if (contents.IsEmpty()) {
-    e = BCExceptionNoContents;
+bool CBC_Codabar::Encode(const CFX_WideStringC& contents, bool isDevice) {
+  if (contents.IsEmpty())
     return false;
-  }
+
   BCFORMAT format = BCFORMAT_CODABAR;
   int32_t outWidth = 0;
   int32_t outHeight = 0;
   CFX_WideString filtercontents =
-      static_cast<CBC_OneDimWriter*>(m_pBCWriter.get())
-          ->FilterContents(contents);
+      GetOnedCodaBarWriter()->FilterContents(contents);
   CFX_ByteString byteString = filtercontents.UTF8Encode();
   m_renderContents = filtercontents;
-  uint8_t* data = static_cast<CBC_OnedCodaBarWriter*>(m_pBCWriter.get())
-                      ->Encode(byteString, format, outWidth, outHeight, e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
+  auto* pWriter = GetOnedCodaBarWriter();
+  std::unique_ptr<uint8_t, FxFreeDeleter> data(
+      pWriter->Encode(byteString, format, outWidth, outHeight));
+  if (!data)
     return false;
-  static_cast<CBC_OneDimWriter*>(m_pBCWriter.get())
-      ->RenderResult(filtercontents.AsStringC(), data, outWidth, isDevice, e);
-  FX_Free(data);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
-    return false;
-  return true;
+
+  return pWriter->RenderResult(filtercontents.AsStringC(), data.get(), outWidth,
+                               isDevice);
 }
 
 bool CBC_Codabar::RenderDevice(CFX_RenderDevice* device,
-                               const CFX_Matrix* matrix,
-                               int32_t& e) {
+                               const CFX_Matrix* matrix) {
+  auto* pWriter = GetOnedCodaBarWriter();
   CFX_WideString renderCon =
-      static_cast<CBC_OnedCodaBarWriter*>(m_pBCWriter.get())
-          ->encodedContents(m_renderContents.AsStringC());
-  static_cast<CBC_OneDimWriter*>(m_pBCWriter.get())
-      ->RenderDeviceResult(device, matrix, renderCon.AsStringC(), e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
-    return false;
-  return true;
+      pWriter->encodedContents(m_renderContents.AsStringC());
+  return pWriter->RenderDeviceResult(device, matrix, renderCon.AsStringC());
 }
 
 BC_TYPE CBC_Codabar::GetType() {
   return BC_CODABAR;
 }
+
+CBC_OnedCodaBarWriter* CBC_Codabar::GetOnedCodaBarWriter() {
+  return static_cast<CBC_OnedCodaBarWriter*>(m_pBCWriter.get());
+}
diff --git a/fxbarcode/cbc_codabar.h b/fxbarcode/cbc_codabar.h
index 253a7aa..3877819 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/cbc_codabar.h
+++ b/fxbarcode/cbc_codabar.h
@@ -12,26 +12,27 @@
 #include "core/fxge/fx_dib.h"
 #include "fxbarcode/cbc_onecode.h"
 
+class CBC_OnedCodaBarWriter;
+
 class CBC_Codabar : public CBC_OneCode {
  public:
   CBC_Codabar();
   ~CBC_Codabar() override;
 
   // CBC_OneCode:
-  bool Encode(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
-              bool isDevice,
-              int32_t& e) override;
+  bool Encode(const CFX_WideStringC& contents, bool isDevice) override;
   bool RenderDevice(CFX_RenderDevice* device,
-                    const CFX_Matrix* matrix,
-                    int32_t& e) override;
+                    const CFX_Matrix* matrix) override;
   BC_TYPE GetType() override;
 
   bool SetStartChar(char start);
   bool SetEndChar(char end);
   bool SetTextLocation(BC_TEXT_LOC location);
-  bool SetWideNarrowRatio(int32_t ratio);
+  bool SetWideNarrowRatio(int8_t ratio);
 
  private:
+  CBC_OnedCodaBarWriter* GetOnedCodaBarWriter();
+
   CFX_WideString m_renderContents;
 };
 
diff --git a/fxbarcode/cbc_code128.cpp b/fxbarcode/cbc_code128.cpp
index 5a4f556..822aba0 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/cbc_code128.cpp
+++ b/fxbarcode/cbc_code128.cpp
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 
 #include "fxbarcode/cbc_code128.h"
 
+#include <memory>
+
 #include "fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedCode128Writer.h"
 
 CBC_Code128::CBC_Code128(BC_TYPE type)
@@ -29,55 +31,42 @@
 CBC_Code128::~CBC_Code128() {}
 
 bool CBC_Code128::SetTextLocation(BC_TEXT_LOC location) {
-  if (m_pBCWriter)
-    return static_cast<CBC_OnedCode128Writer*>(m_pBCWriter.get())
-        ->SetTextLocation(location);
-  return false;
+  return GetOnedCode128Writer()->SetTextLocation(location);
 }
 
-bool CBC_Code128::Encode(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
-                         bool isDevice,
-                         int32_t& e) {
-  if (contents.IsEmpty()) {
-    e = BCExceptionNoContents;
+bool CBC_Code128::Encode(const CFX_WideStringC& contents, bool isDevice) {
+  if (contents.IsEmpty())
     return false;
-  }
+
   BCFORMAT format = BCFORMAT_CODE_128;
   int32_t outWidth = 0;
   int32_t outHeight = 0;
+  auto* pWriter = GetOnedCode128Writer();
   CFX_WideString content(contents);
-  if (contents.GetLength() % 2 &&
-      static_cast<CBC_OnedCode128Writer*>(m_pBCWriter.get())->GetType() ==
-          BC_CODE128_C) {
+  if (contents.GetLength() % 2 && pWriter->GetType() == BC_CODE128_C)
     content += '0';
-  }
-  CFX_WideString encodeContents =
-      static_cast<CBC_OnedCode128Writer*>(m_pBCWriter.get())
-          ->FilterContents(content.AsStringC());
+
+  CFX_WideString encodeContents = pWriter->FilterContents(content.AsStringC());
   m_renderContents = encodeContents;
   CFX_ByteString byteString = encodeContents.UTF8Encode();
-  uint8_t* data = static_cast<CBC_OnedCode128Writer*>(m_pBCWriter.get())
-                      ->Encode(byteString, format, outWidth, outHeight, e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
+  std::unique_ptr<uint8_t, FxFreeDeleter> data(
+      pWriter->Encode(byteString, format, outWidth, outHeight));
+  if (!data)
     return false;
-  static_cast<CBC_OneDimWriter*>(m_pBCWriter.get())
-      ->RenderResult(encodeContents.AsStringC(), data, outWidth, isDevice, e);
-  FX_Free(data);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
-    return false;
-  return true;
+  return pWriter->RenderResult(encodeContents.AsStringC(), data.get(), outWidth,
+                               isDevice);
 }
 
 bool CBC_Code128::RenderDevice(CFX_RenderDevice* device,
-                               const CFX_Matrix* matrix,
-                               int32_t& e) {
-  static_cast<CBC_OneDimWriter*>(m_pBCWriter.get())
-      ->RenderDeviceResult(device, matrix, m_renderContents.AsStringC(), e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
-    return false;
-  return true;
+                               const CFX_Matrix* matrix) {
+  return GetOnedCode128Writer()->RenderDeviceResult(
+      device, matrix, m_renderContents.AsStringC());
 }
 
 BC_TYPE CBC_Code128::GetType() {
   return BC_CODE128;
 }
+
+CBC_OnedCode128Writer* CBC_Code128::GetOnedCode128Writer() {
+  return static_cast<CBC_OnedCode128Writer*>(m_pBCWriter.get());
+}
diff --git a/fxbarcode/cbc_code128.h b/fxbarcode/cbc_code128.h
index 4bff4a7..603587f 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/cbc_code128.h
+++ b/fxbarcode/cbc_code128.h
@@ -12,23 +12,24 @@
 #include "core/fxge/fx_dib.h"
 #include "fxbarcode/cbc_onecode.h"
 
+class CBC_OnedCode128Writer;
+
 class CBC_Code128 : public CBC_OneCode {
  public:
   explicit CBC_Code128(BC_TYPE type);
   ~CBC_Code128() override;
 
   // CBC_OneCode:
-  bool Encode(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
-              bool isDevice,
-              int32_t& e) override;
+  bool Encode(const CFX_WideStringC& contents, bool isDevice) override;
   bool RenderDevice(CFX_RenderDevice* device,
-                    const CFX_Matrix* matrix,
-                    int32_t& e) override;
+                    const CFX_Matrix* matrix) override;
   BC_TYPE GetType() override;
 
   bool SetTextLocation(BC_TEXT_LOC loction);
 
  private:
+  CBC_OnedCode128Writer* GetOnedCode128Writer();
+
   CFX_WideString m_renderContents;
 };
 
diff --git a/fxbarcode/cbc_code39.cpp b/fxbarcode/cbc_code39.cpp
index 94b7602..8b7e08b 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/cbc_code39.cpp
+++ b/fxbarcode/cbc_code39.cpp
@@ -21,53 +21,41 @@
 
 #include "fxbarcode/cbc_code39.h"
 
+#include <memory>
+
 #include "fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedCode39Writer.h"
 
 CBC_Code39::CBC_Code39() : CBC_OneCode(new CBC_OnedCode39Writer) {}
 
 CBC_Code39::~CBC_Code39() {}
 
-bool CBC_Code39::Encode(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
-                        bool isDevice,
-                        int32_t& e) {
-  if (contents.IsEmpty()) {
-    e = BCExceptionNoContents;
+bool CBC_Code39::Encode(const CFX_WideStringC& contents, bool isDevice) {
+  if (contents.IsEmpty())
     return false;
-  }
+
   BCFORMAT format = BCFORMAT_CODE_39;
   int32_t outWidth = 0;
   int32_t outHeight = 0;
-  CFX_WideString filtercontents =
-      static_cast<CBC_OnedCode39Writer*>(m_pBCWriter.get())
-          ->FilterContents(contents);
-  CFX_WideString renderContents =
-      static_cast<CBC_OnedCode39Writer*>(m_pBCWriter.get())
-          ->RenderTextContents(contents);
+  auto* pWriter = GetOnedCode39Writer();
+  CFX_WideString filtercontents = pWriter->FilterContents(contents);
+  CFX_WideString renderContents = pWriter->RenderTextContents(contents);
   m_renderContents = renderContents;
   CFX_ByteString byteString = filtercontents.UTF8Encode();
-  uint8_t* data = static_cast<CBC_OnedCode39Writer*>(m_pBCWriter.get())
-                      ->Encode(byteString, format, outWidth, outHeight, e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
+  std::unique_ptr<uint8_t, FxFreeDeleter> data(
+      pWriter->Encode(byteString, format, outWidth, outHeight));
+  if (!data)
     return false;
-  static_cast<CBC_OneDimWriter*>(m_pBCWriter.get())
-      ->RenderResult(renderContents.AsStringC(), data, outWidth, isDevice, e);
-  FX_Free(data);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
-    return false;
-  return true;
+  return pWriter->RenderResult(renderContents.AsStringC(), data.get(), outWidth,
+                               isDevice);
 }
 
 bool CBC_Code39::RenderDevice(CFX_RenderDevice* device,
-                              const CFX_Matrix* matrix,
-                              int32_t& e) {
-  CFX_WideString renderCon =
-      static_cast<CBC_OnedCode39Writer*>(m_pBCWriter.get())
-          ->encodedContents(m_renderContents.AsStringC(), e);
-  static_cast<CBC_OneDimWriter*>(m_pBCWriter.get())
-      ->RenderDeviceResult(device, matrix, renderCon.AsStringC(), e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
+                              const CFX_Matrix* matrix) {
+  auto* pWriter = GetOnedCode39Writer();
+  CFX_WideString renderCon;
+  if (!pWriter->encodedContents(m_renderContents.AsStringC(), &renderCon))
     return false;
-  return true;
+  return pWriter->RenderDeviceResult(device, matrix, renderCon.AsStringC());
 }
 
 BC_TYPE CBC_Code39::GetType() {
@@ -75,15 +63,13 @@
 }
 
 bool CBC_Code39::SetTextLocation(BC_TEXT_LOC location) {
-  if (m_pBCWriter)
-    return static_cast<CBC_OnedCode39Writer*>(m_pBCWriter.get())
-        ->SetTextLocation(location);
-  return false;
+  return GetOnedCode39Writer()->SetTextLocation(location);
 }
 
-bool CBC_Code39::SetWideNarrowRatio(int32_t ratio) {
-  if (m_pBCWriter)
-    return static_cast<CBC_OnedCode39Writer*>(m_pBCWriter.get())
-        ->SetWideNarrowRatio(ratio);
-  return false;
+bool CBC_Code39::SetWideNarrowRatio(int8_t ratio) {
+  return GetOnedCode39Writer()->SetWideNarrowRatio(ratio);
+}
+
+CBC_OnedCode39Writer* CBC_Code39::GetOnedCode39Writer() {
+  return static_cast<CBC_OnedCode39Writer*>(m_pBCWriter.get());
 }
diff --git a/fxbarcode/cbc_code39.h b/fxbarcode/cbc_code39.h
index f1e6acc..4dea641 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/cbc_code39.h
+++ b/fxbarcode/cbc_code39.h
@@ -13,24 +13,25 @@
 #include "core/fxge/fx_dib.h"
 #include "fxbarcode/cbc_onecode.h"
 
+class CBC_OnedCode39Writer;
+
 class CBC_Code39 : public CBC_OneCode {
  public:
   CBC_Code39();
   ~CBC_Code39() override;
 
   // CBC_OneCode:
-  bool Encode(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
-              bool isDevice,
-              int32_t& e) override;
+  bool Encode(const CFX_WideStringC& contents, bool isDevice) override;
   bool RenderDevice(CFX_RenderDevice* device,
-                    const CFX_Matrix* matrix,
-                    int32_t& e) override;
+                    const CFX_Matrix* matrix) override;
   BC_TYPE GetType() override;
 
   bool SetTextLocation(BC_TEXT_LOC location);
-  bool SetWideNarrowRatio(int32_t ratio);
+  bool SetWideNarrowRatio(int8_t ratio);
 
  private:
+  CBC_OnedCode39Writer* GetOnedCode39Writer();
+
   CFX_WideString m_renderContents;
 };
 
diff --git a/fxbarcode/cbc_codebase.cpp b/fxbarcode/cbc_codebase.cpp
index df237c9..f283473 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/cbc_codebase.cpp
+++ b/fxbarcode/cbc_codebase.cpp
@@ -28,31 +28,29 @@
 CBC_CodeBase::~CBC_CodeBase() {}
 
 bool CBC_CodeBase::SetCharEncoding(int32_t encoding) {
-  return m_pBCWriter && m_pBCWriter->SetCharEncoding(encoding);
+  return m_pBCWriter->SetCharEncoding(encoding);
 }
 
 bool CBC_CodeBase::SetModuleHeight(int32_t moduleHeight) {
-  return m_pBCWriter && m_pBCWriter->SetModuleHeight(moduleHeight);
+  return m_pBCWriter->SetModuleHeight(moduleHeight);
 }
 
 bool CBC_CodeBase::SetModuleWidth(int32_t moduleWidth) {
-  return m_pBCWriter && m_pBCWriter->SetModuleWidth(moduleWidth);
+  return m_pBCWriter->SetModuleWidth(moduleWidth);
 }
 
 bool CBC_CodeBase::SetHeight(int32_t height) {
-  return m_pBCWriter && m_pBCWriter->SetHeight(height);
+  return m_pBCWriter->SetHeight(height);
 }
 
 bool CBC_CodeBase::SetWidth(int32_t width) {
-  return m_pBCWriter && m_pBCWriter->SetWidth(width);
+  return m_pBCWriter->SetWidth(width);
 }
 
 void CBC_CodeBase::SetBackgroundColor(FX_ARGB backgroundColor) {
-  if (m_pBCWriter)
-    m_pBCWriter->SetBackgroundColor(backgroundColor);
+  m_pBCWriter->SetBackgroundColor(backgroundColor);
 }
 
 void CBC_CodeBase::SetBarcodeColor(FX_ARGB foregroundColor) {
-  if (m_pBCWriter)
-    m_pBCWriter->SetBarcodeColor(foregroundColor);
+  m_pBCWriter->SetBarcodeColor(foregroundColor);
 }
diff --git a/fxbarcode/cbc_codebase.h b/fxbarcode/cbc_codebase.h
index 370ff2c..3c6b051 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/cbc_codebase.h
+++ b/fxbarcode/cbc_codebase.h
@@ -9,14 +9,14 @@
 
 #include <memory>
 
-#include "core/fxcrt/fx_coordinates.h"
 #include "core/fxcrt/fx_system.h"
 #include "core/fxge/fx_dib.h"
 #include "fxbarcode/BC_Library.h"
 
-class CBC_Writer;
 class CBC_Reader;
+class CBC_Writer;
 class CFX_DIBitmap;
+class CFX_Matrix;
 class CFX_RenderDevice;
 
 class CBC_CodeBase {
@@ -25,12 +25,9 @@
   virtual ~CBC_CodeBase();
 
   virtual BC_TYPE GetType() = 0;
-  virtual bool Encode(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
-                      bool isDevice,
-                      int32_t& e) = 0;
+  virtual bool Encode(const CFX_WideStringC& contents, bool isDevice) = 0;
   virtual bool RenderDevice(CFX_RenderDevice* device,
-                            const CFX_Matrix* matrix,
-                            int32_t& e) = 0;
+                            const CFX_Matrix* matrix) = 0;
 
   bool SetCharEncoding(int32_t encoding);
   bool SetModuleHeight(int32_t moduleHeight);
diff --git a/fxbarcode/cbc_datamatrix.cpp b/fxbarcode/cbc_datamatrix.cpp
index 3c6f638..60b1f72 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/cbc_datamatrix.cpp
+++ b/fxbarcode/cbc_datamatrix.cpp
@@ -21,38 +21,35 @@
 
 #include "fxbarcode/cbc_datamatrix.h"
 
+#include <memory>
+
 #include "fxbarcode/datamatrix/BC_DataMatrixWriter.h"
 
 CBC_DataMatrix::CBC_DataMatrix() : CBC_CodeBase(new CBC_DataMatrixWriter) {}
 
 CBC_DataMatrix::~CBC_DataMatrix() {}
 
-bool CBC_DataMatrix::Encode(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
-                            bool isDevice,
-                            int32_t& e) {
+bool CBC_DataMatrix::Encode(const CFX_WideStringC& contents, bool isDevice) {
   int32_t outWidth = 0;
   int32_t outHeight = 0;
-  uint8_t* data =
-      static_cast<CBC_DataMatrixWriter*>(m_pBCWriter.get())
-          ->Encode(CFX_WideString(contents), outWidth, outHeight, e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
+  auto* pWriter = GetDataMatrixWriter();
+  std::unique_ptr<uint8_t, FxFreeDeleter> data(
+      pWriter->Encode(CFX_WideString(contents), outWidth, outHeight));
+  if (!data)
     return false;
-  static_cast<CBC_TwoDimWriter*>(m_pBCWriter.get())
-      ->RenderResult(data, outWidth, outHeight, e);
-  FX_Free(data);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
-    return false;
-  return true;
+  return pWriter->RenderResult(data.get(), outWidth, outHeight);
 }
 
 bool CBC_DataMatrix::RenderDevice(CFX_RenderDevice* device,
-                                  const CFX_Matrix* matrix,
-                                  int32_t& e) {
-  static_cast<CBC_TwoDimWriter*>(m_pBCWriter.get())
-      ->RenderDeviceResult(device, matrix);
+                                  const CFX_Matrix* matrix) {
+  GetDataMatrixWriter()->RenderDeviceResult(device, matrix);
   return true;
 }
 
 BC_TYPE CBC_DataMatrix::GetType() {
   return BC_DATAMATRIX;
 }
+
+CBC_DataMatrixWriter* CBC_DataMatrix::GetDataMatrixWriter() {
+  return static_cast<CBC_DataMatrixWriter*>(m_pBCWriter.get());
+}
diff --git a/fxbarcode/cbc_datamatrix.h b/fxbarcode/cbc_datamatrix.h
index 0bd8063..73294f1 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/cbc_datamatrix.h
+++ b/fxbarcode/cbc_datamatrix.h
@@ -7,25 +7,26 @@
 #ifndef FXBARCODE_CBC_DATAMATRIX_H_
 #define FXBARCODE_CBC_DATAMATRIX_H_
 
-#include "core/fxcrt/fx_coordinates.h"
 #include "core/fxcrt/fx_string.h"
 #include "core/fxcrt/fx_system.h"
 #include "core/fxge/fx_dib.h"
 #include "fxbarcode/cbc_codebase.h"
 
+class CBC_DataMatrixWriter;
+
 class CBC_DataMatrix : public CBC_CodeBase {
  public:
   CBC_DataMatrix();
   ~CBC_DataMatrix() override;
 
   // CBC_OneCode:
-  bool Encode(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
-              bool isDevice,
-              int32_t& e) override;
+  bool Encode(const CFX_WideStringC& contents, bool isDevice) override;
   bool RenderDevice(CFX_RenderDevice* device,
-                    const CFX_Matrix* matrix,
-                    int32_t& e) override;
+                    const CFX_Matrix* matrix) override;
   BC_TYPE GetType() override;
+
+ private:
+  CBC_DataMatrixWriter* GetDataMatrixWriter();
 };
 
 #endif  // FXBARCODE_CBC_DATAMATRIX_H_
diff --git a/fxbarcode/cbc_ean13.cpp b/fxbarcode/cbc_ean13.cpp
index 0ac7fdb..73638b9 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/cbc_ean13.cpp
+++ b/fxbarcode/cbc_ean13.cpp
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 
 #include "fxbarcode/cbc_ean13.h"
 
+#include <memory>
+
 #include "fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedEAN13Writer.h"
 
 CBC_EAN13::CBC_EAN13() : CBC_OneCode(new CBC_OnedEAN13Writer) {}
@@ -28,17 +30,15 @@
 CBC_EAN13::~CBC_EAN13() {}
 
 CFX_WideString CBC_EAN13::Preprocess(const CFX_WideStringC& contents) {
-  CFX_WideString encodeContents =
-      static_cast<CBC_OnedEAN13Writer*>(m_pBCWriter.get())
-          ->FilterContents(contents);
+  auto* pWriter = GetOnedEAN13Writer();
+  CFX_WideString encodeContents = pWriter->FilterContents(contents);
   int32_t length = encodeContents.GetLength();
   if (length <= 12) {
     for (int32_t i = 0; i < 12 - length; i++)
       encodeContents = wchar_t('0') + encodeContents;
 
     CFX_ByteString byteString = encodeContents.UTF8Encode();
-    int32_t checksum = static_cast<CBC_OnedEAN13Writer*>(m_pBCWriter.get())
-                           ->CalcChecksum(byteString);
+    int32_t checksum = pWriter->CalcChecksum(byteString);
     byteString += checksum - 0 + '0';
     encodeContents = byteString.UTF8Decode();
   }
@@ -48,41 +48,35 @@
   return encodeContents;
 }
 
-bool CBC_EAN13::Encode(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
-                       bool isDevice,
-                       int32_t& e) {
-  if (contents.IsEmpty()) {
-    e = BCExceptionNoContents;
+bool CBC_EAN13::Encode(const CFX_WideStringC& contents, bool isDevice) {
+  if (contents.IsEmpty())
     return false;
-  }
+
   BCFORMAT format = BCFORMAT_EAN_13;
   int32_t outWidth = 0;
   int32_t outHeight = 0;
   CFX_WideString encodeContents = Preprocess(contents);
   CFX_ByteString byteString = encodeContents.UTF8Encode();
   m_renderContents = encodeContents;
-  uint8_t* data = static_cast<CBC_OnedEAN13Writer*>(m_pBCWriter.get())
-                      ->Encode(byteString, format, outWidth, outHeight, e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
+  auto* pWriter = GetOnedEAN13Writer();
+  std::unique_ptr<uint8_t, FxFreeDeleter> data(
+      pWriter->Encode(byteString, format, outWidth, outHeight));
+  if (!data)
     return false;
-  static_cast<CBC_OneDimWriter*>(m_pBCWriter.get())
-      ->RenderResult(encodeContents.AsStringC(), data, outWidth, isDevice, e);
-  FX_Free(data);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
-    return false;
-  return true;
+  return pWriter->RenderResult(encodeContents.AsStringC(), data.get(), outWidth,
+                               isDevice);
 }
 
 bool CBC_EAN13::RenderDevice(CFX_RenderDevice* device,
-                             const CFX_Matrix* matrix,
-                             int32_t& e) {
-  static_cast<CBC_OneDimWriter*>(m_pBCWriter.get())
-      ->RenderDeviceResult(device, matrix, m_renderContents.AsStringC(), e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
-    return false;
-  return true;
+                             const CFX_Matrix* matrix) {
+  return GetOnedEAN13Writer()->RenderDeviceResult(device, matrix,
+                                                  m_renderContents.AsStringC());
 }
 
 BC_TYPE CBC_EAN13::GetType() {
   return BC_EAN13;
 }
+
+CBC_OnedEAN13Writer* CBC_EAN13::GetOnedEAN13Writer() {
+  return static_cast<CBC_OnedEAN13Writer*>(m_pBCWriter.get());
+}
diff --git a/fxbarcode/cbc_ean13.h b/fxbarcode/cbc_ean13.h
index 86e5ea2..11d40bb 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/cbc_ean13.h
+++ b/fxbarcode/cbc_ean13.h
@@ -13,22 +13,23 @@
 #include "core/fxge/fx_dib.h"
 #include "fxbarcode/cbc_onecode.h"
 
+class CBC_OnedEAN13Writer;
+
 class CBC_EAN13 : public CBC_OneCode {
  public:
   CBC_EAN13();
   ~CBC_EAN13() override;
 
   // CBC_OneCode:
-  bool Encode(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
-              bool isDevice,
-              int32_t& e) override;
+  bool Encode(const CFX_WideStringC& contents, bool isDevice) override;
   bool RenderDevice(CFX_RenderDevice* device,
-                    const CFX_Matrix* matrix,
-                    int32_t& e) override;
+                    const CFX_Matrix* matrix) override;
   BC_TYPE GetType() override;
 
  private:
+  CBC_OnedEAN13Writer* GetOnedEAN13Writer();
   CFX_WideString Preprocess(const CFX_WideStringC& contents);
+
   CFX_WideString m_renderContents;
 };
 
diff --git a/fxbarcode/cbc_ean8.cpp b/fxbarcode/cbc_ean8.cpp
index f267dbe..e5c26e6 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/cbc_ean8.cpp
+++ b/fxbarcode/cbc_ean8.cpp
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 
 #include "fxbarcode/cbc_ean8.h"
 
+#include <memory>
+
 #include "fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedEAN8Writer.h"
 
 CBC_EAN8::CBC_EAN8() : CBC_OneCode(new CBC_OnedEAN8Writer) {}
@@ -28,17 +30,15 @@
 CBC_EAN8::~CBC_EAN8() {}
 
 CFX_WideString CBC_EAN8::Preprocess(const CFX_WideStringC& contents) {
-  CFX_WideString encodeContents =
-      static_cast<CBC_OnedEAN8Writer*>(m_pBCWriter.get())
-          ->FilterContents(contents);
+  auto* pWriter = GetOnedEAN8Writer();
+  CFX_WideString encodeContents = pWriter->FilterContents(contents);
   int32_t length = encodeContents.GetLength();
   if (length <= 7) {
     for (int32_t i = 0; i < 7 - length; i++)
       encodeContents = wchar_t('0') + encodeContents;
 
     CFX_ByteString byteString = encodeContents.UTF8Encode();
-    int32_t checksum = static_cast<CBC_OnedEAN8Writer*>(m_pBCWriter.get())
-                           ->CalcChecksum(byteString);
+    int32_t checksum = pWriter->CalcChecksum(byteString);
     encodeContents += wchar_t(checksum - 0 + '0');
   }
   if (length > 8)
@@ -47,41 +47,35 @@
   return encodeContents;
 }
 
-bool CBC_EAN8::Encode(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
-                      bool isDevice,
-                      int32_t& e) {
-  if (contents.IsEmpty()) {
-    e = BCExceptionNoContents;
+bool CBC_EAN8::Encode(const CFX_WideStringC& contents, bool isDevice) {
+  if (contents.IsEmpty())
     return false;
-  }
+
   BCFORMAT format = BCFORMAT_EAN_8;
   int32_t outWidth = 0;
   int32_t outHeight = 0;
   CFX_WideString encodeContents = Preprocess(contents);
   CFX_ByteString byteString = encodeContents.UTF8Encode();
   m_renderContents = encodeContents;
-  uint8_t* data = static_cast<CBC_OnedEAN8Writer*>(m_pBCWriter.get())
-                      ->Encode(byteString, format, outWidth, outHeight, e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
+  auto* pWriter = GetOnedEAN8Writer();
+  std::unique_ptr<uint8_t, FxFreeDeleter> data(
+      pWriter->Encode(byteString, format, outWidth, outHeight));
+  if (!data)
     return false;
-  static_cast<CBC_OneDimWriter*>(m_pBCWriter.get())
-      ->RenderResult(encodeContents.AsStringC(), data, outWidth, isDevice, e);
-  FX_Free(data);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
-    return false;
-  return true;
+  return pWriter->RenderResult(encodeContents.AsStringC(), data.get(), outWidth,
+                               isDevice);
 }
 
 bool CBC_EAN8::RenderDevice(CFX_RenderDevice* device,
-                            const CFX_Matrix* matrix,
-                            int32_t& e) {
-  static_cast<CBC_OneDimWriter*>(m_pBCWriter.get())
-      ->RenderDeviceResult(device, matrix, m_renderContents.AsStringC(), e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
-    return false;
-  return true;
+                            const CFX_Matrix* matrix) {
+  return GetOnedEAN8Writer()->RenderDeviceResult(device, matrix,
+                                                 m_renderContents.AsStringC());
 }
 
 BC_TYPE CBC_EAN8::GetType() {
   return BC_EAN8;
 }
+
+CBC_OnedEAN8Writer* CBC_EAN8::GetOnedEAN8Writer() {
+  return static_cast<CBC_OnedEAN8Writer*>(m_pBCWriter.get());
+}
diff --git a/fxbarcode/cbc_ean8.h b/fxbarcode/cbc_ean8.h
index 7ddd2de..d0f6ff8 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/cbc_ean8.h
+++ b/fxbarcode/cbc_ean8.h
@@ -12,21 +12,21 @@
 #include "core/fxge/fx_dib.h"
 #include "fxbarcode/cbc_onecode.h"
 
+class CBC_OnedEAN8Writer;
+
 class CBC_EAN8 : public CBC_OneCode {
  public:
   CBC_EAN8();
   ~CBC_EAN8() override;
 
   // CBC_OneCode:
-  bool Encode(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
-              bool isDevice,
-              int32_t& e) override;
+  bool Encode(const CFX_WideStringC& contents, bool isDevice) override;
   bool RenderDevice(CFX_RenderDevice* device,
-                    const CFX_Matrix* matrix,
-                    int32_t& e) override;
+                    const CFX_Matrix* matrix) override;
   BC_TYPE GetType() override;
 
  private:
+  CBC_OnedEAN8Writer* GetOnedEAN8Writer();
   CFX_WideString Preprocess(const CFX_WideStringC& contents);
   CFX_WideString m_renderContents;
 };
diff --git a/fxbarcode/cbc_onecode.cpp b/fxbarcode/cbc_onecode.cpp
index 1b4db0a..ec7033a 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/cbc_onecode.cpp
+++ b/fxbarcode/cbc_onecode.cpp
@@ -28,51 +28,41 @@
 CBC_OneCode::~CBC_OneCode() {}
 
 bool CBC_OneCode::CheckContentValidity(const CFX_WideStringC& contents) {
-  return m_pBCWriter &&
-         static_cast<CBC_OneDimWriter*>(m_pBCWriter.get())
-             ->CheckContentValidity(contents);
+  return GetOneDimWriter()->CheckContentValidity(contents);
 }
 
 CFX_WideString CBC_OneCode::FilterContents(const CFX_WideStringC& contents) {
-  if (!m_pBCWriter)
-    return CFX_WideString();
-  return static_cast<CBC_OneDimWriter*>(m_pBCWriter.get())
-      ->FilterContents(contents);
+  return GetOneDimWriter()->FilterContents(contents);
 }
 
 void CBC_OneCode::SetPrintChecksum(bool checksum) {
-  if (m_pBCWriter)
-    static_cast<CBC_OneDimWriter*>(m_pBCWriter.get())
-        ->SetPrintChecksum(checksum);
+  GetOneDimWriter()->SetPrintChecksum(checksum);
 }
 
 void CBC_OneCode::SetDataLength(int32_t length) {
-  if (m_pBCWriter)
-    static_cast<CBC_OneDimWriter*>(m_pBCWriter.get())->SetDataLength(length);
+  GetOneDimWriter()->SetDataLength(length);
 }
 
 void CBC_OneCode::SetCalChecksum(bool calc) {
-  if (m_pBCWriter)
-    static_cast<CBC_OneDimWriter*>(m_pBCWriter.get())->SetCalcChecksum(calc);
+  GetOneDimWriter()->SetCalcChecksum(calc);
 }
 
 bool CBC_OneCode::SetFont(CFX_Font* cFont) {
-  if (m_pBCWriter)
-    return static_cast<CBC_OneDimWriter*>(m_pBCWriter.get())->SetFont(cFont);
-  return false;
+  return GetOneDimWriter()->SetFont(cFont);
 }
 
 void CBC_OneCode::SetFontSize(float size) {
-  if (m_pBCWriter)
-    static_cast<CBC_OneDimWriter*>(m_pBCWriter.get())->SetFontSize(size);
+  GetOneDimWriter()->SetFontSize(size);
 }
 
 void CBC_OneCode::SetFontStyle(int32_t style) {
-  if (m_pBCWriter)
-    static_cast<CBC_OneDimWriter*>(m_pBCWriter.get())->SetFontStyle(style);
+  GetOneDimWriter()->SetFontStyle(style);
 }
 
 void CBC_OneCode::SetFontColor(FX_ARGB color) {
-  if (m_pBCWriter)
-    static_cast<CBC_OneDimWriter*>(m_pBCWriter.get())->SetFontColor(color);
+  GetOneDimWriter()->SetFontColor(color);
+}
+
+CBC_OneDimWriter* CBC_OneCode::GetOneDimWriter() {
+  return static_cast<CBC_OneDimWriter*>(m_pBCWriter.get());
 }
diff --git a/fxbarcode/cbc_onecode.h b/fxbarcode/cbc_onecode.h
index 8da4611..08abe66 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/cbc_onecode.h
+++ b/fxbarcode/cbc_onecode.h
@@ -11,9 +11,8 @@
 #include "core/fxcrt/fx_system.h"
 #include "fxbarcode/cbc_codebase.h"
 
-class CFX_DIBitmap;
+class CBC_OneDimWriter;
 class CFX_Font;
-class CFX_RenderDevice;
 
 class CBC_OneCode : public CBC_CodeBase {
  public:
@@ -30,6 +29,9 @@
   virtual void SetFontSize(float size);
   virtual void SetFontStyle(int32_t style);
   virtual void SetFontColor(FX_ARGB color);
+
+ private:
+  CBC_OneDimWriter* GetOneDimWriter();
 };
 
 #endif  // FXBARCODE_CBC_ONECODE_H_
diff --git a/fxbarcode/cbc_pdf417i.cpp b/fxbarcode/cbc_pdf417i.cpp
index 5536c30..51a3643 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/cbc_pdf417i.cpp
+++ b/fxbarcode/cbc_pdf417i.cpp
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 
 #include "fxbarcode/cbc_pdf417i.h"
 
+#include <memory>
+
 #include "fxbarcode/pdf417/BC_PDF417Writer.h"
 
 CBC_PDF417I::CBC_PDF417I() : CBC_CodeBase(new CBC_PDF417Writer) {}
@@ -28,41 +30,35 @@
 CBC_PDF417I::~CBC_PDF417I() {}
 
 bool CBC_PDF417I::SetErrorCorrectionLevel(int32_t level) {
-  static_cast<CBC_PDF417Writer*>(m_pBCWriter.get())
-      ->SetErrorCorrectionLevel(level);
+  GetPDF417Writer()->SetErrorCorrectionLevel(level);
   return true;
 }
 
 void CBC_PDF417I::SetTruncated(bool truncated) {
-  static_cast<CBC_PDF417Writer*>(m_pBCWriter.get())->SetTruncated(truncated);
+  GetPDF417Writer()->SetTruncated(truncated);
 }
 
-bool CBC_PDF417I::Encode(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
-                         bool isDevice,
-                         int32_t& e) {
+bool CBC_PDF417I::Encode(const CFX_WideStringC& contents, bool isDevice) {
   int32_t outWidth = 0;
   int32_t outHeight = 0;
-  uint8_t* data =
-      static_cast<CBC_PDF417Writer*>(m_pBCWriter.get())
-          ->Encode(CFX_WideString(contents), outWidth, outHeight, e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
+  auto* pWriter = GetPDF417Writer();
+  std::unique_ptr<uint8_t, FxFreeDeleter> data(
+      pWriter->Encode(CFX_WideString(contents), outWidth, outHeight));
+  if (!data)
     return false;
-  static_cast<CBC_TwoDimWriter*>(m_pBCWriter.get())
-      ->RenderResult(data, outWidth, outHeight, e);
-  FX_Free(data);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
-    return false;
-  return true;
+  return pWriter->RenderResult(data.get(), outWidth, outHeight);
 }
 
 bool CBC_PDF417I::RenderDevice(CFX_RenderDevice* device,
-                               const CFX_Matrix* matrix,
-                               int32_t& e) {
-  static_cast<CBC_TwoDimWriter*>(m_pBCWriter.get())
-      ->RenderDeviceResult(device, matrix);
+                               const CFX_Matrix* matrix) {
+  GetPDF417Writer()->RenderDeviceResult(device, matrix);
   return true;
 }
 
 BC_TYPE CBC_PDF417I::GetType() {
   return BC_PDF417;
 }
+
+CBC_PDF417Writer* CBC_PDF417I::GetPDF417Writer() {
+  return static_cast<CBC_PDF417Writer*>(m_pBCWriter.get());
+}
diff --git a/fxbarcode/cbc_pdf417i.h b/fxbarcode/cbc_pdf417i.h
index 957154d..2d1c8d3 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/cbc_pdf417i.h
+++ b/fxbarcode/cbc_pdf417i.h
@@ -12,22 +12,24 @@
 #include "core/fxge/fx_dib.h"
 #include "fxbarcode/cbc_codebase.h"
 
+class CBC_PDF417Writer;
+
 class CBC_PDF417I : public CBC_CodeBase {
  public:
   CBC_PDF417I();
   ~CBC_PDF417I() override;
 
-  // CBC_CodeBase::
-  bool Encode(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
-              bool isDevice,
-              int32_t& e) override;
+  // CBC_CodeBase:
+  bool Encode(const CFX_WideStringC& contents, bool isDevice) override;
   bool RenderDevice(CFX_RenderDevice* device,
-                    const CFX_Matrix* matrix,
-                    int32_t& e) override;
+                    const CFX_Matrix* matrix) override;
   BC_TYPE GetType() override;
 
   bool SetErrorCorrectionLevel(int32_t level);
   void SetTruncated(bool truncated);
+
+ private:
+  CBC_PDF417Writer* GetPDF417Writer();
 };
 
 #endif  // FXBARCODE_CBC_PDF417I_H_
diff --git a/fxbarcode/cbc_qrcode.cpp b/fxbarcode/cbc_qrcode.cpp
index 3da35b2..5bdc976 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/cbc_qrcode.cpp
+++ b/fxbarcode/cbc_qrcode.cpp
@@ -32,28 +32,24 @@
 bool CBC_QRCode::SetErrorCorrectionLevel(int32_t level) {
   if (level < 0 || level > 3)
     return false;
-  return m_pBCWriter && writer()->SetErrorCorrectionLevel(level);
+  return GetQRCodeWriter()->SetErrorCorrectionLevel(level);
 }
 
-bool CBC_QRCode::Encode(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
-                        bool isDevice,
-                        int32_t& e) {
+bool CBC_QRCode::Encode(const CFX_WideStringC& contents, bool isDevice) {
   int32_t outWidth = 0;
   int32_t outHeight = 0;
-  CBC_QRCodeWriter* pWriter = writer();
-  std::unique_ptr<uint8_t, FxFreeDeleter> data(pWriter->Encode(
-      CFX_WideString(contents), pWriter->GetErrorCorrectionLevel(), outWidth,
-      outHeight, e));
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
+  CBC_QRCodeWriter* pWriter = GetQRCodeWriter();
+  std::unique_ptr<uint8_t, FxFreeDeleter> data(
+      pWriter->Encode(CFX_WideString(contents),
+                      pWriter->GetErrorCorrectionLevel(), outWidth, outHeight));
+  if (!data)
     return false;
-  pWriter->RenderResult(data.get(), outWidth, outHeight, e);
-  return e == BCExceptionNO;
+  return pWriter->RenderResult(data.get(), outWidth, outHeight);
 }
 
 bool CBC_QRCode::RenderDevice(CFX_RenderDevice* device,
-                              const CFX_Matrix* matrix,
-                              int32_t& e) {
-  writer()->RenderDeviceResult(device, matrix);
+                              const CFX_Matrix* matrix) {
+  GetQRCodeWriter()->RenderDeviceResult(device, matrix);
   return true;
 }
 
@@ -61,6 +57,6 @@
   return BC_QR_CODE;
 }
 
-CBC_QRCodeWriter* CBC_QRCode::writer() {
+CBC_QRCodeWriter* CBC_QRCode::GetQRCodeWriter() {
   return static_cast<CBC_QRCodeWriter*>(m_pBCWriter.get());
 }
diff --git a/fxbarcode/cbc_qrcode.h b/fxbarcode/cbc_qrcode.h
index c3388d1..6849933 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/cbc_qrcode.h
+++ b/fxbarcode/cbc_qrcode.h
@@ -20,18 +20,15 @@
   ~CBC_QRCode() override;
 
   // CBC_CodeBase:
-  bool Encode(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
-              bool isDevice,
-              int32_t& e) override;
+  bool Encode(const CFX_WideStringC& contents, bool isDevice) override;
   bool RenderDevice(CFX_RenderDevice* device,
-                    const CFX_Matrix* matrix,
-                    int32_t& e) override;
+                    const CFX_Matrix* matrix) override;
   BC_TYPE GetType() override;
 
   bool SetErrorCorrectionLevel(int32_t level);
 
  private:
-  CBC_QRCodeWriter* writer();
+  CBC_QRCodeWriter* GetQRCodeWriter();
 };
 
 #endif  // FXBARCODE_CBC_QRCODE_H_
diff --git a/fxbarcode/cbc_upca.cpp b/fxbarcode/cbc_upca.cpp
index 98e7161..da22469 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/cbc_upca.cpp
+++ b/fxbarcode/cbc_upca.cpp
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 
 #include "fxbarcode/cbc_upca.h"
 
+#include <memory>
+
 #include "fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedUPCAWriter.h"
 
 CBC_UPCA::CBC_UPCA() : CBC_OneCode(new CBC_OnedUPCAWriter) {}
@@ -28,8 +30,7 @@
 CBC_UPCA::~CBC_UPCA() {}
 
 CFX_WideString CBC_UPCA::Preprocess(const CFX_WideStringC& contents) {
-  CBC_OnedUPCAWriter* pWriter =
-      static_cast<CBC_OnedUPCAWriter*>(m_pBCWriter.get());
+  CBC_OnedUPCAWriter* pWriter = GetOnedUPCAWriter();
   CFX_WideString encodeContents = pWriter->FilterContents(contents);
   int32_t length = encodeContents.GetLength();
   if (length <= 11) {
@@ -47,13 +48,10 @@
   return encodeContents;
 }
 
-bool CBC_UPCA::Encode(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
-                      bool isDevice,
-                      int32_t& e) {
-  if (contents.IsEmpty()) {
-    e = BCExceptionNoContents;
+bool CBC_UPCA::Encode(const CFX_WideStringC& contents, bool isDevice) {
+  if (contents.IsEmpty())
     return false;
-  }
+
   BCFORMAT format = BCFORMAT_UPC_A;
   int32_t outWidth = 0;
   int32_t outHeight = 0;
@@ -61,31 +59,26 @@
   CFX_ByteString byteString = encodeContents.UTF8Encode();
   m_renderContents = encodeContents;
 
-  CBC_OnedUPCAWriter* pWriter =
-      static_cast<CBC_OnedUPCAWriter*>(m_pBCWriter.get());
-
+  CBC_OnedUPCAWriter* pWriter = GetOnedUPCAWriter();
   pWriter->Init();
-  uint8_t* data = pWriter->Encode(byteString, format, outWidth, outHeight, e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
+  std::unique_ptr<uint8_t, FxFreeDeleter> data(
+      pWriter->Encode(byteString, format, outWidth, outHeight));
+  if (!data)
     return false;
-  pWriter->RenderResult(encodeContents.AsStringC(), data, outWidth, isDevice,
-                        e);
-  FX_Free(data);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
-    return false;
-  return true;
+  return pWriter->RenderResult(encodeContents.AsStringC(), data.get(), outWidth,
+                               isDevice);
 }
 
 bool CBC_UPCA::RenderDevice(CFX_RenderDevice* device,
-                            const CFX_Matrix* matrix,
-                            int32_t& e) {
-  static_cast<CBC_OneDimWriter*>(m_pBCWriter.get())
-      ->RenderDeviceResult(device, matrix, m_renderContents.AsStringC(), e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
-    return false;
-  return true;
+                            const CFX_Matrix* matrix) {
+  return GetOnedUPCAWriter()->RenderDeviceResult(device, matrix,
+                                                 m_renderContents.AsStringC());
 }
 
 BC_TYPE CBC_UPCA::GetType() {
   return BC_UPCA;
 }
+
+CBC_OnedUPCAWriter* CBC_UPCA::GetOnedUPCAWriter() {
+  return static_cast<CBC_OnedUPCAWriter*>(m_pBCWriter.get());
+}
diff --git a/fxbarcode/cbc_upca.h b/fxbarcode/cbc_upca.h
index 221c1d4..ef77297 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/cbc_upca.h
+++ b/fxbarcode/cbc_upca.h
@@ -12,21 +12,21 @@
 #include "core/fxge/fx_dib.h"
 #include "fxbarcode/cbc_onecode.h"
 
+class CBC_OnedUPCAWriter;
+
 class CBC_UPCA : public CBC_OneCode {
  public:
   CBC_UPCA();
   ~CBC_UPCA() override;
 
-  // CBC_CodeBase
-  bool Encode(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
-              bool isDevice,
-              int32_t& e) override;
+  // CBC_CodeBase:
+  bool Encode(const CFX_WideStringC& contents, bool isDevice) override;
   bool RenderDevice(CFX_RenderDevice* device,
-                    const CFX_Matrix* matrix,
-                    int32_t& e) override;
+                    const CFX_Matrix* matrix) override;
   BC_TYPE GetType() override;
 
  private:
+  CBC_OnedUPCAWriter* GetOnedUPCAWriter();
   CFX_WideString Preprocess(const CFX_WideStringC& contents);
   CFX_WideString m_renderContents;
 };
diff --git a/fxbarcode/datamatrix/BC_DataMatrixWriter.cpp b/fxbarcode/datamatrix/BC_DataMatrixWriter.cpp
index 0dcba84..54b7312 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/datamatrix/BC_DataMatrixWriter.cpp
+++ b/fxbarcode/datamatrix/BC_DataMatrixWriter.cpp
@@ -20,6 +20,10 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include "fxbarcode/datamatrix/BC_DataMatrixWriter.h"
+
+#include <memory>
+
 #include "fxbarcode/BC_Dimension.h"
 #include "fxbarcode/BC_TwoDimWriter.h"
 #include "fxbarcode/BC_UtilCodingConvert.h"
@@ -30,7 +34,6 @@
 #include "fxbarcode/datamatrix/BC_Base256Encoder.h"
 #include "fxbarcode/datamatrix/BC_C40Encoder.h"
 #include "fxbarcode/datamatrix/BC_DataMatrixSymbolInfo144.h"
-#include "fxbarcode/datamatrix/BC_DataMatrixWriter.h"
 #include "fxbarcode/datamatrix/BC_DefaultPlacement.h"
 #include "fxbarcode/datamatrix/BC_EdifactEncoder.h"
 #include "fxbarcode/datamatrix/BC_Encoder.h"
@@ -41,69 +44,28 @@
 #include "fxbarcode/datamatrix/BC_SymbolShapeHint.h"
 #include "fxbarcode/datamatrix/BC_TextEncoder.h"
 #include "fxbarcode/datamatrix/BC_X12Encoder.h"
+#include "third_party/base/ptr_util.h"
 
-CBC_DataMatrixWriter::CBC_DataMatrixWriter() {}
-CBC_DataMatrixWriter::~CBC_DataMatrixWriter() {}
-bool CBC_DataMatrixWriter::SetErrorCorrectionLevel(int32_t level) {
-  m_iCorrectLevel = level;
-  return true;
-}
-uint8_t* CBC_DataMatrixWriter::Encode(const CFX_WideString& contents,
-                                      int32_t& outWidth,
-                                      int32_t& outHeight,
-                                      int32_t& e) {
-  if (outWidth < 0 || outHeight < 0) {
-    e = BCExceptionHeightAndWidthMustBeAtLeast1;
-    return nullptr;
-  }
-  CBC_SymbolShapeHint::SymbolShapeHint shape =
-      CBC_SymbolShapeHint::FORCE_SQUARE;
-  CBC_Dimension* minSize = nullptr;
-  CBC_Dimension* maxSize = nullptr;
-  CFX_WideString ecLevel;
-  CFX_WideString encoded = CBC_HighLevelEncoder::encodeHighLevel(
-      contents, ecLevel, shape, minSize, maxSize, e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
-    return nullptr;
-  CBC_SymbolInfo* symbolInfo = CBC_SymbolInfo::lookup(
-      encoded.GetLength(), shape, minSize, maxSize, true, e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
-    return nullptr;
-  CFX_WideString codewords =
-      CBC_ErrorCorrection::encodeECC200(encoded, symbolInfo, e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
-    return nullptr;
-  CBC_DefaultPlacement* placement =
-      new CBC_DefaultPlacement(codewords, symbolInfo->getSymbolDataWidth(e),
-                               symbolInfo->getSymbolDataHeight(e));
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
-    return nullptr;
-  placement->place();
-  CBC_CommonByteMatrix* bytematrix = encodeLowLevel(placement, symbolInfo, e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
-    return nullptr;
-  outWidth = bytematrix->GetWidth();
-  outHeight = bytematrix->GetHeight();
-  uint8_t* result = FX_Alloc2D(uint8_t, outWidth, outHeight);
-  memcpy(result, bytematrix->GetArray(), outWidth * outHeight);
-  delete bytematrix;
-  delete placement;
-  return result;
-}
-CBC_CommonByteMatrix* CBC_DataMatrixWriter::encodeLowLevel(
+namespace {
+
+std::unique_ptr<CBC_CommonByteMatrix> encodeLowLevel(
     CBC_DefaultPlacement* placement,
-    CBC_SymbolInfo* symbolInfo,
-    int32_t& e) {
+    CBC_SymbolInfo* symbolInfo) {
+  int32_t e = BCExceptionNO;
   int32_t symbolWidth = symbolInfo->getSymbolDataWidth(e);
   if (e != BCExceptionNO)
     return nullptr;
   int32_t symbolHeight = symbolInfo->getSymbolDataHeight(e);
   if (e != BCExceptionNO)
     return nullptr;
-  CBC_CommonByteMatrix* matrix = new CBC_CommonByteMatrix(
-      symbolInfo->getSymbolWidth(e), symbolInfo->getSymbolHeight(e));
+  int32_t width = symbolInfo->getSymbolWidth(e);
   if (e != BCExceptionNO)
     return nullptr;
+  int32_t height = symbolInfo->getSymbolHeight(e);
+  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
+    return nullptr;
+
+  auto matrix = pdfium::MakeUnique<CBC_CommonByteMatrix>(width, height);
   matrix->Init();
   int32_t matrixY = 0;
   for (int32_t y = 0; y < symbolHeight; y++) {
@@ -141,3 +103,59 @@
   }
   return matrix;
 }
+
+}  // namespace
+
+CBC_DataMatrixWriter::CBC_DataMatrixWriter() {}
+CBC_DataMatrixWriter::~CBC_DataMatrixWriter() {}
+bool CBC_DataMatrixWriter::SetErrorCorrectionLevel(int32_t level) {
+  m_iCorrectLevel = level;
+  return true;
+}
+
+uint8_t* CBC_DataMatrixWriter::Encode(const CFX_WideString& contents,
+                                      int32_t& outWidth,
+                                      int32_t& outHeight) {
+  if (outWidth < 0 || outHeight < 0)
+    return nullptr;
+
+  CBC_SymbolShapeHint::SymbolShapeHint shape =
+      CBC_SymbolShapeHint::FORCE_SQUARE;
+  CBC_Dimension* minSize = nullptr;
+  CBC_Dimension* maxSize = nullptr;
+  CFX_WideString ecLevel;
+  int32_t e = BCExceptionNO;
+  CFX_WideString encoded = CBC_HighLevelEncoder::encodeHighLevel(
+      contents, ecLevel, shape, minSize, maxSize, e);
+  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
+    return nullptr;
+  CBC_SymbolInfo* symbolInfo = CBC_SymbolInfo::lookup(
+      encoded.GetLength(), shape, minSize, maxSize, true, e);
+  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
+    return nullptr;
+  CFX_WideString codewords =
+      CBC_ErrorCorrection::encodeECC200(encoded, symbolInfo, e);
+  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
+    return nullptr;
+
+  int32_t width = symbolInfo->getSymbolDataWidth(e);
+  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
+    return nullptr;
+
+  int32_t height = symbolInfo->getSymbolDataHeight(e);
+  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
+    return nullptr;
+
+  auto placement =
+      pdfium::MakeUnique<CBC_DefaultPlacement>(codewords, width, height);
+  placement->place();
+  auto bytematrix = encodeLowLevel(placement.get(), symbolInfo);
+  if (!bytematrix)
+    return nullptr;
+
+  outWidth = bytematrix->GetWidth();
+  outHeight = bytematrix->GetHeight();
+  uint8_t* result = FX_Alloc2D(uint8_t, outWidth, outHeight);
+  memcpy(result, bytematrix->GetArray(), outWidth * outHeight);
+  return result;
+}
diff --git a/fxbarcode/datamatrix/BC_DataMatrixWriter.h b/fxbarcode/datamatrix/BC_DataMatrixWriter.h
index cf5f6e4..84b83fe 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/datamatrix/BC_DataMatrixWriter.h
+++ b/fxbarcode/datamatrix/BC_DataMatrixWriter.h
@@ -18,18 +18,14 @@
   CBC_DataMatrixWriter();
   ~CBC_DataMatrixWriter() override;
 
-  virtual uint8_t* Encode(const CFX_WideString& contents,
-                          int32_t& outWidth,
-                          int32_t& outHeight,
-                          int32_t& e);
+  uint8_t* Encode(const CFX_WideString& contents,
+                  int32_t& outWidth,
+                  int32_t& outHeight);
 
   // CBC_TwoDimWriter
   bool SetErrorCorrectionLevel(int32_t level) override;
 
  private:
-  static CBC_CommonByteMatrix* encodeLowLevel(CBC_DefaultPlacement* placement,
-                                              CBC_SymbolInfo* symbolInfo,
-                                              int32_t& e);
   int32_t m_iCorrectLevel;
 };
 
diff --git a/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OneDimWriter.cpp b/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OneDimWriter.cpp
index 57b6c22..b898340 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OneDimWriter.cpp
+++ b/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OneDimWriter.cpp
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <memory>
+#include <vector>
 
 #include "core/fxge/cfx_fxgedevice.h"
 #include "core/fxge/cfx_gemodule.h"
@@ -90,44 +91,25 @@
   return ch;
 }
 
-uint8_t* CBC_OneDimWriter::Encode(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-                                  BCFORMAT format,
-                                  int32_t& outWidth,
-                                  int32_t& outHeight,
-                                  int32_t hints,
-                                  int32_t& e) {
-  uint8_t* ret = nullptr;
+uint8_t* CBC_OneDimWriter::EncodeWithHint(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
+                                          BCFORMAT format,
+                                          int32_t& outWidth,
+                                          int32_t& outHeight,
+                                          int32_t hints) {
   outHeight = 1;
-  if (m_Width >= 20) {
-    ret = Encode(contents, outWidth, e);
-  } else {
-    ret = Encode(contents, outWidth, e);
-  }
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
-    return nullptr;
-  return ret;
+  return EncodeImpl(contents, outWidth);
 }
 
 uint8_t* CBC_OneDimWriter::Encode(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
                                   BCFORMAT format,
                                   int32_t& outWidth,
-                                  int32_t& outHeight,
-                                  int32_t& e) {
-  uint8_t* ret = Encode(contents, format, outWidth, outHeight, 0, e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
-    return nullptr;
-  return ret;
-}
-
-uint8_t* CBC_OneDimWriter::Encode(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-                                  int32_t& outLength,
-                                  int32_t& e) {
-  return nullptr;
+                                  int32_t& outHeight) {
+  return EncodeWithHint(contents, format, outWidth, outHeight, 0);
 }
 
 int32_t CBC_OneDimWriter::AppendPattern(uint8_t* target,
                                         int32_t pos,
-                                        const int32_t* pattern,
+                                        const int8_t* pattern,
                                         int32_t patternLength,
                                         int32_t startColor,
                                         int32_t& e) {
@@ -139,8 +121,7 @@
   int32_t numAdded = 0;
   for (int32_t i = 0; i < patternLength; i++) {
     for (int32_t j = 0; j < pattern[i]; j++) {
-      target[pos] = color;
-      pos += 1;
+      target[pos++] = color;
       numAdded += 1;
     }
     color ^= 1;
@@ -223,24 +204,17 @@
                          m_fontColor, FXTEXT_CLEARTYPE);
 }
 
-void CBC_OneDimWriter::ShowChars(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
+bool CBC_OneDimWriter::ShowChars(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
                                  CFX_RenderDevice* device,
                                  const CFX_Matrix* matrix,
                                  int32_t barWidth,
-                                 int32_t multiple,
-                                 int32_t& e) {
-  if (!device) {
-    e = BCExceptionIllegalArgument;
-    return;
-  }
-  if (!m_pFont) {
-    e = BCExceptionNullPointer;
-    return;
-  }
+                                 int32_t multiple) {
+  if (!device || !m_pFont)
+    return false;
+
   CFX_ByteString str = FX_UTF8Encode(contents);
   int32_t iLen = str.GetLength();
-  FXTEXT_CHARPOS* pCharPos = FX_Alloc(FXTEXT_CHARPOS, iLen);
-  memset(pCharPos, 0, sizeof(FXTEXT_CHARPOS) * iLen);
+  std::vector<FXTEXT_CHARPOS> charpos(iLen);
   float charsLen = 0;
   float geWidth = 0;
   if (m_locTextLoc == BC_TEXT_LOC_ABOVEEMBED ||
@@ -252,10 +226,10 @@
   }
   int32_t iFontSize = (int32_t)fabs(m_fFontSize);
   int32_t iTextHeight = iFontSize + 1;
-  CalcTextInfo(str, pCharPos, m_pFont, geWidth, iFontSize, charsLen);
-  if (charsLen < 1) {
-    return;
-  }
+  CalcTextInfo(str, charpos.data(), m_pFont, geWidth, iFontSize, charsLen);
+  if (charsLen < 1)
+    return true;
+
   int32_t locX = 0;
   int32_t locY = 0;
   switch (m_locTextLoc) {
@@ -281,18 +255,16 @@
       geWidth = (float)barWidth;
       break;
   }
-  ShowDeviceChars(device, matrix, str, geWidth, pCharPos, (float)locX,
+  ShowDeviceChars(device, matrix, str, geWidth, charpos.data(), (float)locX,
                   (float)locY, barWidth);
-  FX_Free(pCharPos);
+  return true;
 }
 
-void CBC_OneDimWriter::RenderDeviceResult(CFX_RenderDevice* device,
+bool CBC_OneDimWriter::RenderDeviceResult(CFX_RenderDevice* device,
                                           const CFX_Matrix* matrix,
-                                          const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
-                                          int32_t& e) {
+                                          const CFX_WideStringC& contents) {
   if (!m_output)
-    if (e != BCExceptionNO)
-      return;
+    return false;
 
   CFX_GraphStateData stateData;
   CFX_PathData path;
@@ -311,109 +283,68 @@
       }
     }
   }
-  int32_t i = 0;
-  for (; i < contents.GetLength(); i++)
-    if (contents.GetAt(i) != ' ') {
-      break;
-    }
-  if (m_locTextLoc != BC_TEXT_LOC_NONE && i < contents.GetLength()) {
-    ShowChars(contents, device, matrix, m_barWidth, m_multiple, e);
-    if (e != BCExceptionNO)
-      return;
-  }
+  return m_locTextLoc == BC_TEXT_LOC_NONE || contents.Find(' ') == -1 ||
+         ShowChars(contents, device, matrix, m_barWidth, m_multiple);
 }
 
-void CBC_OneDimWriter::RenderResult(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
+bool CBC_OneDimWriter::RenderResult(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
                                     uint8_t* code,
                                     int32_t codeLength,
-                                    bool isDevice,
-                                    int32_t& e) {
-  if (codeLength < 1) {
-    if (e != BCExceptionNO)
-      return;
-  }
-  if (m_ModuleHeight < 20.0) {
-    m_ModuleHeight = 20;
-  }
-  int32_t codeOldLength = codeLength;
-  int32_t leftPadding = 0;
-  int32_t rightPadding = 0;
-  if (m_bLeftPadding) {
-    leftPadding = 7;
-  }
-  if (m_bRightPadding) {
-    rightPadding = 7;
-  }
+                                    bool isDevice) {
+  if (codeLength < 1)
+    return false;
+
+  m_ModuleHeight = std::max(m_ModuleHeight, 20);
+  const int32_t codeOldLength = codeLength;
+  const int32_t leftPadding = m_bLeftPadding ? 7 : 0;
+  const int32_t rightPadding = m_bRightPadding ? 7 : 0;
   codeLength += leftPadding;
   codeLength += rightPadding;
-  m_outputHScale = 1.0;
-  if (m_Width > 0) {
-    m_outputHScale = (float)m_Width / (float)codeLength;
-  }
+  m_outputHScale =
+      m_Width > 0 ? static_cast<float>(m_Width) / static_cast<float>(codeLength)
+                  : 1.0;
   if (!isDevice) {
     m_outputHScale =
         std::max(m_outputHScale, static_cast<float>(m_ModuleWidth));
   }
   float dataLengthScale = 1.0;
-  if (m_iDataLenth > 0 && contents.GetLength() != 0) {
+  if (m_iDataLenth > 0 && contents.GetLength() != 0)
     dataLengthScale = float(contents.GetLength()) / float(m_iDataLenth);
-  }
-  if (m_iDataLenth > 0 && contents.GetLength() == 0) {
+  if (m_iDataLenth > 0 && contents.GetLength() == 0)
     dataLengthScale = float(1) / float(m_iDataLenth);
-  }
   m_multiple = 1;
   if (!isDevice) {
     m_multiple = (int32_t)ceil(m_outputHScale * dataLengthScale);
   }
   int32_t outputHeight = 1;
-  if (!isDevice) {
-    if (m_Height == 0) {
-      outputHeight = std::max(20, m_ModuleHeight);
-    } else {
-      outputHeight = m_Height;
-    }
-  }
+  if (!isDevice)
+    outputHeight = m_Height ? m_Height : std::max(20, m_ModuleHeight);
   int32_t outputWidth = codeLength;
-  if (!isDevice) {
+  if (!isDevice)
     outputWidth = (int32_t)(codeLength * m_multiple / dataLengthScale);
-  }
   m_barWidth = m_Width;
-  if (!isDevice) {
+  if (!isDevice)
     m_barWidth = codeLength * m_multiple;
-  }
   m_output = pdfium::MakeUnique<CBC_CommonBitMatrix>();
   m_output->Init(outputWidth, outputHeight);
   int32_t outputX = leftPadding * m_multiple;
   for (int32_t inputX = 0; inputX < codeOldLength; inputX++) {
     if (code[inputX] == 1) {
-      if (outputX >= outputWidth) {
-        break;
-      }
+      if (outputX >= outputWidth)
+        return true;
+
       if (outputX + m_multiple > outputWidth && outputWidth - outputX > 0) {
-        if (!m_output->SetRegion(outputX, 0, outputWidth - outputX,
-                                 outputHeight)) {
-          e = BCExceptionGeneric;
-        }
-        break;
+        return m_output->SetRegion(outputX, 0, outputWidth - outputX,
+                                   outputHeight);
       }
-      if (!m_output->SetRegion(outputX, 0, m_multiple, outputHeight)) {
-        e = BCExceptionGeneric;
-        return;
-      }
+      if (!m_output->SetRegion(outputX, 0, m_multiple, outputHeight))
+        return false;
     }
     outputX += m_multiple;
   }
-}
-
-bool CBC_OneDimWriter::CheckContentValidity(const CFX_WideStringC& contents) {
   return true;
 }
 
-CFX_WideString CBC_OneDimWriter::FilterContents(
-    const CFX_WideStringC& contents) {
-  return CFX_WideString();
-}
-
 CFX_WideString CBC_OneDimWriter::RenderTextContents(
     const CFX_WideStringC& contents) {
   return CFX_WideString();
diff --git a/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OneDimWriter.h b/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OneDimWriter.h
index 15ae8e7..f1cbcf2 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OneDimWriter.h
+++ b/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OneDimWriter.h
@@ -22,32 +22,12 @@
   CBC_OneDimWriter();
   ~CBC_OneDimWriter() override;
 
-  virtual uint8_t* Encode(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-                          BCFORMAT format,
-                          int32_t& outWidth,
-                          int32_t& outHeight,
-                          int32_t& e);
-  virtual uint8_t* Encode(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-                          BCFORMAT format,
-                          int32_t& outWidth,
-                          int32_t& outHeight,
-                          int32_t hints,
-                          int32_t& e);
-  virtual uint8_t* Encode(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-                          int32_t& outLength,
-                          int32_t& e);
-
-  virtual void RenderResult(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
+  virtual bool RenderResult(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
                             uint8_t* code,
                             int32_t codeLength,
-                            bool isDevice,
-                            int32_t& e);
-  virtual void RenderDeviceResult(CFX_RenderDevice* device,
-                                  const CFX_Matrix* matrix,
-                                  const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
-                                  int32_t& e);
-  virtual bool CheckContentValidity(const CFX_WideStringC& contents);
-  virtual CFX_WideString FilterContents(const CFX_WideStringC& contents);
+                            bool isDevice);
+  virtual bool CheckContentValidity(const CFX_WideStringC& contents) = 0;
+  virtual CFX_WideString FilterContents(const CFX_WideStringC& contents) = 0;
   virtual CFX_WideString RenderTextContents(const CFX_WideStringC& contents);
   virtual void SetPrintChecksum(bool checksum);
   virtual void SetDataLength(int32_t length);
@@ -55,21 +35,35 @@
   virtual void SetFontSize(float size);
   virtual void SetFontStyle(int32_t style);
   virtual void SetFontColor(FX_ARGB color);
+
+  uint8_t* Encode(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
+                  BCFORMAT format,
+                  int32_t& outWidth,
+                  int32_t& outHeight);
+  bool RenderDeviceResult(CFX_RenderDevice* device,
+                          const CFX_Matrix* matrix,
+                          const CFX_WideStringC& contents);
   bool SetFont(CFX_Font* cFont);
 
  protected:
+  virtual uint8_t* EncodeWithHint(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
+                                  BCFORMAT format,
+                                  int32_t& outWidth,
+                                  int32_t& outHeight,
+                                  int32_t hints);
+  virtual uint8_t* EncodeImpl(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
+                              int32_t& outLength) = 0;
   virtual void CalcTextInfo(const CFX_ByteString& text,
                             FXTEXT_CHARPOS* charPos,
                             CFX_Font* cFont,
                             float geWidth,
                             int32_t fontSize,
                             float& charsLen);
-  virtual void ShowChars(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
+  virtual bool ShowChars(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
                          CFX_RenderDevice* device,
                          const CFX_Matrix* matrix,
                          int32_t barWidth,
-                         int32_t multiple,
-                         int32_t& e);
+                         int32_t multiple);
   virtual void ShowDeviceChars(CFX_RenderDevice* device,
                                const CFX_Matrix* matrix,
                                const CFX_ByteString str,
@@ -80,7 +74,7 @@
                                int32_t barWidth);
   virtual int32_t AppendPattern(uint8_t* target,
                                 int32_t pos,
-                                const int32_t* pattern,
+                                const int8_t* pattern,
                                 int32_t patternLength,
                                 int32_t startColor,
                                 int32_t& e);
diff --git a/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedCodaBarWriter.cpp b/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedCodaBarWriter.cpp
index d3706ab..029a6ec 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedCodaBarWriter.cpp
+++ b/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedCodaBarWriter.cpp
@@ -77,13 +77,15 @@
   m_locTextLoc = location;
   return true;
 }
-bool CBC_OnedCodaBarWriter::SetWideNarrowRatio(int32_t ratio) {
-  if (ratio < 2 || ratio > 3) {
+
+bool CBC_OnedCodaBarWriter::SetWideNarrowRatio(int8_t ratio) {
+  if (ratio < 2 || ratio > 3)
     return false;
-  }
+
   m_iWideNarrRatio = ratio;
   return true;
 }
+
 bool CBC_OnedCodaBarWriter::FindChar(wchar_t ch, bool isContent) {
   if (isContent) {
     for (size_t i = 0; i < FX_ArraySize(CONTENT_CHARS); ++i) {
@@ -123,43 +125,26 @@
       index++;
       continue;
     }
-    if (FindChar(ch, true)) {
-      filtercontents += ch;
-    } else {
+    if (!FindChar(ch, true))
       continue;
-    }
+    filtercontents += ch;
   }
   return filtercontents;
 }
-uint8_t* CBC_OnedCodaBarWriter::Encode(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-                                       BCFORMAT format,
-                                       int32_t& outWidth,
-                                       int32_t& outHeight,
-                                       int32_t& e) {
-  uint8_t* ret = Encode(contents, format, outWidth, outHeight, 0, e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
+
+uint8_t* CBC_OnedCodaBarWriter::EncodeWithHint(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
+                                               BCFORMAT format,
+                                               int32_t& outWidth,
+                                               int32_t& outHeight,
+                                               int32_t hints) {
+  if (format != BCFORMAT_CODABAR)
     return nullptr;
-  return ret;
+  return CBC_OneDimWriter::EncodeWithHint(contents, format, outWidth, outHeight,
+                                          hints);
 }
-uint8_t* CBC_OnedCodaBarWriter::Encode(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-                                       BCFORMAT format,
-                                       int32_t& outWidth,
-                                       int32_t& outHeight,
-                                       int32_t hints,
-                                       int32_t& e) {
-  if (format != BCFORMAT_CODABAR) {
-    e = BCExceptionOnlyEncodeCODEBAR;
-    return nullptr;
-  }
-  uint8_t* ret =
-      CBC_OneDimWriter::Encode(contents, format, outWidth, outHeight, hints, e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
-    return nullptr;
-  return ret;
-}
-uint8_t* CBC_OnedCodaBarWriter::Encode(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-                                       int32_t& outLength,
-                                       int32_t& e) {
+
+uint8_t* CBC_OnedCodaBarWriter::EncodeImpl(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
+                                           int32_t& outLength) {
   CFX_ByteString data = m_chStart + contents + m_chEnd;
   m_iContentLen = data.GetLength();
   uint8_t* result = FX_Alloc2D(uint8_t, m_iWideNarrRatio * 7, data.GetLength());
@@ -187,8 +172,8 @@
         break;
     }
     int32_t code = 0;
-    int32_t len = (int32_t)strlen(ALPHABET_STRING);
-    for (int32_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+    size_t len = strlen(ALPHABET_STRING);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
       if (ch == ALPHABET_STRING[i]) {
         code = CHARACTER_ENCODINGS[i];
         break;
@@ -216,17 +201,18 @@
   outLength = position;
   return result;
 }
+
 CFX_WideString CBC_OnedCodaBarWriter::encodedContents(
     const CFX_WideStringC& contents) {
   CFX_WideString strStart(m_chStart);
   CFX_WideString strEnd(m_chEnd);
   return strStart + contents + strEnd;
 }
-void CBC_OnedCodaBarWriter::RenderResult(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
+
+bool CBC_OnedCodaBarWriter::RenderResult(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
                                          uint8_t* code,
                                          int32_t codeLength,
-                                         bool isDevice,
-                                         int32_t& e) {
-  CBC_OneDimWriter::RenderResult(encodedContents(contents).AsStringC(), code,
-                                 codeLength, isDevice, e);
+                                         bool isDevice) {
+  return CBC_OneDimWriter::RenderResult(encodedContents(contents).AsStringC(),
+                                        code, codeLength, isDevice);
 }
diff --git a/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedCodaBarWriter.h b/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedCodaBarWriter.h
index f9ecc1b..9493361 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedCodaBarWriter.h
+++ b/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedCodaBarWriter.h
@@ -18,41 +18,33 @@
   ~CBC_OnedCodaBarWriter() override;
 
   // CBC_OneDimWriter
-  uint8_t* Encode(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-                  int32_t& outLength,
-                  int32_t& e) override;
-  uint8_t* Encode(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-                  BCFORMAT format,
-                  int32_t& outWidth,
-                  int32_t& outHeight,
-                  int32_t& e) override;
-  uint8_t* Encode(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-                  BCFORMAT format,
-                  int32_t& outWidth,
-                  int32_t& outHeight,
-                  int32_t hints,
-                  int32_t& e) override;
+  uint8_t* EncodeImpl(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
+                      int32_t& outLength) override;
+  uint8_t* EncodeWithHint(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
+                          BCFORMAT format,
+                          int32_t& outWidth,
+                          int32_t& outHeight,
+                          int32_t hints) override;
+  bool RenderResult(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
+                    uint8_t* code,
+                    int32_t codeLength,
+                    bool isDevice) override;
   bool CheckContentValidity(const CFX_WideStringC& contents) override;
   CFX_WideString FilterContents(const CFX_WideStringC& contents) override;
   void SetDataLength(int32_t length) override;
 
-  virtual CFX_WideString encodedContents(const CFX_WideStringC& contents);
   virtual bool SetStartChar(char start);
   virtual bool SetEndChar(char end);
   virtual bool SetTextLocation(BC_TEXT_LOC location);
-  virtual bool SetWideNarrowRatio(int32_t ratio);
+  virtual bool SetWideNarrowRatio(int8_t ratio);
   virtual bool FindChar(wchar_t ch, bool isContent);
 
- private:
-  void RenderResult(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
-                    uint8_t* code,
-                    int32_t codeLength,
-                    bool isDevice,
-                    int32_t& e) override;
+  CFX_WideString encodedContents(const CFX_WideStringC& contents);
 
+ private:
   char m_chStart;
   char m_chEnd;
-  int32_t m_iWideNarrRatio;
+  int8_t m_iWideNarrRatio;
 };
 
 #endif  // FXBARCODE_ONED_BC_ONEDCODABARWRITER_H_
diff --git a/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedCode128Writer.cpp b/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedCode128Writer.cpp
index e2b6823..9cdebfd 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedCode128Writer.cpp
+++ b/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedCode128Writer.cpp
@@ -20,13 +20,16 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include "fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedCode128Writer.h"
+
+#include <memory>
+
 #include "fxbarcode/BC_Writer.h"
 #include "fxbarcode/oned/BC_OneDimWriter.h"
-#include "fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedCode128Writer.h"
 
 namespace {
 
-const int32_t CODE_PATTERNS[107][7] = {
+const int8_t CODE_PATTERNS[107][7] = {
     {2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0}, {2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 0}, {2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 0},
     {1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 3, 0}, {1, 2, 1, 3, 2, 2, 0}, {1, 3, 1, 2, 2, 2, 0},
     {1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 3, 0}, {1, 2, 2, 3, 1, 2, 0}, {1, 3, 2, 2, 1, 2, 0},
@@ -82,22 +85,19 @@
 }
 bool CBC_OnedCode128Writer::CheckContentValidity(
     const CFX_WideStringC& contents) {
-  bool ret = true;
+  if (m_codeFormat != BC_CODE128_B && m_codeFormat != BC_CODE128_C)
+    return false;
+
   int32_t position = 0;
   int32_t patternIndex = -1;
-  if (m_codeFormat == BC_CODE128_B || m_codeFormat == BC_CODE128_C) {
-    while (position < contents.GetLength()) {
-      patternIndex = (int32_t)contents.GetAt(position);
-      if (patternIndex < 32 || patternIndex > 126 || patternIndex == 34) {
-        ret = false;
-        break;
-      }
-      position++;
+  while (position < contents.GetLength()) {
+    patternIndex = (int32_t)contents.GetAt(position);
+    if (patternIndex < 32 || patternIndex > 126 || patternIndex == 34) {
+      return false;
     }
-  } else {
-    ret = false;
+    position++;
   }
-  return ret;
+  return true;
 }
 CFX_WideString CBC_OnedCode128Writer::FilterContents(
     const CFX_WideStringC& contents) {
@@ -134,32 +134,18 @@
   m_locTextLoc = location;
   return true;
 }
-uint8_t* CBC_OnedCode128Writer::Encode(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-                                       BCFORMAT format,
-                                       int32_t& outWidth,
-                                       int32_t& outHeight,
-                                       int32_t hints,
-                                       int32_t& e) {
-  if (format != BCFORMAT_CODE_128) {
-    e = BCExceptionOnlyEncodeCODE_128;
+
+uint8_t* CBC_OnedCode128Writer::EncodeWithHint(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
+                                               BCFORMAT format,
+                                               int32_t& outWidth,
+                                               int32_t& outHeight,
+                                               int32_t hints) {
+  if (format != BCFORMAT_CODE_128)
     return nullptr;
-  }
-  uint8_t* ret =
-      CBC_OneDimWriter::Encode(contents, format, outWidth, outHeight, hints, e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
-    return nullptr;
-  return ret;
+  return CBC_OneDimWriter::EncodeWithHint(contents, format, outWidth, outHeight,
+                                          hints);
 }
-uint8_t* CBC_OnedCode128Writer::Encode(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-                                       BCFORMAT format,
-                                       int32_t& outWidth,
-                                       int32_t& outHeight,
-                                       int32_t& e) {
-  uint8_t* ret = Encode(contents, format, outWidth, outHeight, 0, e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
-    return nullptr;
-  return ret;
-}
+
 bool CBC_OnedCode128Writer::IsDigits(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
                                      int32_t start,
                                      int32_t length) {
@@ -172,21 +158,18 @@
   return true;
 }
 
-uint8_t* CBC_OnedCode128Writer::Encode(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-                                       int32_t& outLength,
-                                       int32_t& e) {
-  if (contents.GetLength() < 1 || contents.GetLength() > 80) {
-    e = BCExceptionGeneric;
+uint8_t* CBC_OnedCode128Writer::EncodeImpl(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
+                                           int32_t& outLength) {
+  if (contents.GetLength() < 1 || contents.GetLength() > 80)
     return nullptr;
-  }
-  std::vector<const int32_t*> patterns;
+
+  std::vector<const int8_t*> patterns;
   int32_t checkSum = 0;
   if (m_codeFormat == BC_CODE128_B) {
     checkSum = Encode128B(contents, &patterns);
   } else if (m_codeFormat == BC_CODE128_C) {
     checkSum = Encode128C(contents, &patterns);
   } else {
-    e = BCExceptionFormatException;
     return nullptr;
   }
   checkSum %= 103;
@@ -195,28 +178,27 @@
   m_iContentLen = contents.GetLength() + 3;
   int32_t codeWidth = 0;
   for (size_t k = 0; k < patterns.size(); k++) {
-    const int32_t* pattern = patterns[k];
+    const int8_t* pattern = patterns[k];
     for (size_t j = 0; j < 7; j++) {
       codeWidth += pattern[j];
     }
   }
   outLength = codeWidth;
-  uint8_t* result = FX_Alloc(uint8_t, outLength);
+  std::unique_ptr<uint8_t, FxFreeDeleter> result(FX_Alloc(uint8_t, outLength));
   int32_t pos = 0;
   for (size_t j = 0; j < patterns.size(); j++) {
-    const int32_t* pattern = patterns[j];
-    pos += AppendPattern(result, pos, pattern, 7, 1, e);
-    if (e != BCExceptionNO) {
-      FX_Free(result);
+    const int8_t* pattern = patterns[j];
+    int32_t e = BCExceptionNO;
+    pos += AppendPattern(result.get(), pos, pattern, 7, 1, e);
+    if (e != BCExceptionNO)
       return nullptr;
-    }
   }
-  return result;
+  return result.release();
 }
 
 int32_t CBC_OnedCode128Writer::Encode128B(
     const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-    std::vector<const int32_t*>* patterns) {
+    std::vector<const int8_t*>* patterns) {
   int32_t checkSum = 0;
   int32_t checkWeight = 1;
   int32_t position = 0;
@@ -237,7 +219,7 @@
 
 int32_t CBC_OnedCode128Writer::Encode128C(
     const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-    std::vector<const int32_t*>* patterns) {
+    std::vector<const int8_t*>* patterns) {
   int32_t checkSum = 0;
   int32_t checkWeight = 1;
   int32_t position = 0;
diff --git a/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedCode128Writer.h b/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedCode128Writer.h
index 34b2287..c4c0bf0 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedCode128Writer.h
+++ b/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedCode128Writer.h
@@ -20,21 +20,13 @@
   ~CBC_OnedCode128Writer() override;
 
   // CBC_OneDimWriter
-  uint8_t* Encode(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-                  BCFORMAT format,
-                  int32_t& outWidth,
-                  int32_t& outHeight,
-                  int32_t hints,
-                  int32_t& e) override;
-  uint8_t* Encode(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-                  BCFORMAT format,
-                  int32_t& outWidth,
-                  int32_t& outHeight,
-                  int32_t& e) override;
-  uint8_t* Encode(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-                  int32_t& outLength,
-                  int32_t& e) override;
-
+  uint8_t* EncodeWithHint(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
+                          BCFORMAT format,
+                          int32_t& outWidth,
+                          int32_t& outHeight,
+                          int32_t hints) override;
+  uint8_t* EncodeImpl(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
+                      int32_t& outLength) override;
   bool CheckContentValidity(const CFX_WideStringC& contents) override;
   CFX_WideString FilterContents(const CFX_WideStringC& contents) override;
 
@@ -45,9 +37,9 @@
  private:
   bool IsDigits(const CFX_ByteString& contents, int32_t start, int32_t length);
   int32_t Encode128B(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-                     std::vector<const int32_t*>* patterns);
+                     std::vector<const int8_t*>* patterns);
   int32_t Encode128C(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-                     std::vector<const int32_t*>* patterns);
+                     std::vector<const int8_t*>* patterns);
 
   BC_TYPE m_codeFormat;
 };
diff --git a/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedCode39Writer.cpp b/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedCode39Writer.cpp
index b1a56ca..b9d594a 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedCode39Writer.cpp
+++ b/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedCode39Writer.cpp
@@ -20,10 +20,13 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include "fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedCode39Writer.h"
+
+#include <memory>
+
 #include "fxbarcode/BC_Writer.h"
 #include "fxbarcode/common/BC_CommonBitMatrix.h"
 #include "fxbarcode/oned/BC_OneDimWriter.h"
-#include "fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedCode39Writer.h"
 
 namespace {
 
@@ -40,10 +43,10 @@
 
 }  // namespace
 
-CBC_OnedCode39Writer::CBC_OnedCode39Writer() {
-  m_iWideNarrRatio = 3;
-}
+CBC_OnedCode39Writer::CBC_OnedCode39Writer() : m_iWideNarrRatio(3) {}
+
 CBC_OnedCode39Writer::~CBC_OnedCode39Writer() {}
+
 bool CBC_OnedCode39Writer::CheckContentValidity(
     const CFX_WideStringC& contents) {
   for (int32_t i = 0; i < contents.GetLength(); i++) {
@@ -116,55 +119,40 @@
   m_locTextLoc = location;
   return true;
 }
-bool CBC_OnedCode39Writer::SetWideNarrowRatio(int32_t ratio) {
-  if (ratio < 2 || ratio > 3) {
+bool CBC_OnedCode39Writer::SetWideNarrowRatio(int8_t ratio) {
+  if (ratio < 2 || ratio > 3)
     return false;
-  }
+
   m_iWideNarrRatio = ratio;
   return true;
 }
-uint8_t* CBC_OnedCode39Writer::Encode(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-                                      BCFORMAT format,
-                                      int32_t& outWidth,
-                                      int32_t& outHeight,
-                                      int32_t& e) {
-  uint8_t* ret = Encode(contents, format, outWidth, outHeight, 0, e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
+
+uint8_t* CBC_OnedCode39Writer::EncodeWithHint(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
+                                              BCFORMAT format,
+                                              int32_t& outWidth,
+                                              int32_t& outHeight,
+                                              int32_t hints) {
+  if (format != BCFORMAT_CODE_39)
     return nullptr;
-  return ret;
+  return CBC_OneDimWriter::EncodeWithHint(contents, format, outWidth, outHeight,
+                                          hints);
 }
-uint8_t* CBC_OnedCode39Writer::Encode(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-                                      BCFORMAT format,
-                                      int32_t& outWidth,
-                                      int32_t& outHeight,
-                                      int32_t hints,
-                                      int32_t& e) {
-  if (format != BCFORMAT_CODE_39) {
-    e = BCExceptionOnlyEncodeCODE_39;
-    return nullptr;
-  }
-  uint8_t* ret =
-      CBC_OneDimWriter::Encode(contents, format, outWidth, outHeight, hints, e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
-    return nullptr;
-  return ret;
-}
-void CBC_OnedCode39Writer::ToIntArray(int32_t a, int32_t* toReturn) {
+
+void CBC_OnedCode39Writer::ToIntArray(int32_t a, int8_t* toReturn) {
   for (int32_t i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
     toReturn[i] = (a & (1 << i)) == 0 ? 1 : m_iWideNarrRatio;
   }
 }
-char CBC_OnedCode39Writer::CalcCheckSum(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-                                        int32_t& e) {
+
+char CBC_OnedCode39Writer::CalcCheckSum(const CFX_ByteString& contents) {
   int32_t length = contents.GetLength();
-  if (length > 80) {
-    e = BCExceptionGeneric;
+  if (length > 80)
     return '*';
-  }
+
   int32_t checksum = 0;
-  int32_t len = (int32_t)strlen(ALPHABET_STRING);
+  size_t len = strlen(ALPHABET_STRING);
   for (const auto& c : contents) {
-    int32_t j = 0;
+    size_t j = 0;
     for (; j < len; j++) {
       if (ALPHABET_STRING[j] == c) {
         if (c != '*')
@@ -172,110 +160,103 @@
         break;
       }
     }
-    if (j >= len) {
-      e = BCExceptionGeneric;
+    if (j >= len)
       return '*';
-    }
   }
   checksum = checksum % 43;
   return CHECKSUM_STRING[checksum];
 }
-uint8_t* CBC_OnedCode39Writer::Encode(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-                                      int32_t& outlength,
-                                      int32_t& e) {
-  char checksum = CalcCheckSum(contents, e);
-  if (checksum == '*') {
+
+uint8_t* CBC_OnedCode39Writer::EncodeImpl(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
+                                          int32_t& outlength) {
+  char checksum = CalcCheckSum(contents);
+  if (checksum == '*')
     return nullptr;
-  }
-  int32_t widths[9] = {0};
+
+  int8_t widths[9] = {0};
   int32_t wideStrideNum = 3;
   int32_t narrStrideNum = 9 - wideStrideNum;
   CFX_ByteString encodedContents = contents;
-  if (m_bCalcChecksum) {
+  if (m_bCalcChecksum)
     encodedContents += checksum;
-  }
   m_iContentLen = encodedContents.GetLength();
   int32_t codeWidth = (wideStrideNum * m_iWideNarrRatio + narrStrideNum) * 2 +
                       1 + m_iContentLen;
-  int32_t len = (int32_t)strlen(ALPHABET_STRING);
+  size_t len = strlen(ALPHABET_STRING);
   for (int32_t j = 0; j < m_iContentLen; j++) {
-    for (int32_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-      if (ALPHABET_STRING[i] == encodedContents[j]) {
-        ToIntArray(CHARACTER_ENCODINGS[i], widths);
-        for (int32_t k = 0; k < 9; k++) {
-          codeWidth += widths[k];
-        }
-      }
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+      if (ALPHABET_STRING[i] != encodedContents[j])
+        continue;
+
+      ToIntArray(CHARACTER_ENCODINGS[i], widths);
+      for (size_t k = 0; k < 9; k++)
+        codeWidth += widths[k];
     }
   }
   outlength = codeWidth;
-  uint8_t* result = FX_Alloc(uint8_t, codeWidth);
+  std::unique_ptr<uint8_t, FxFreeDeleter> result(FX_Alloc(uint8_t, codeWidth));
   ToIntArray(CHARACTER_ENCODINGS[39], widths);
-  int32_t pos = AppendPattern(result, 0, widths, 9, 1, e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO) {
-    FX_Free(result);
+  int32_t e = BCExceptionNO;
+  int32_t pos = AppendPattern(result.get(), 0, widths, 9, 1, e);
+  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
     return nullptr;
-  }
-  int32_t narrowWhite[] = {1};
-  pos += AppendPattern(result, pos, narrowWhite, 1, 0, e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO) {
-    FX_Free(result);
+
+  int8_t narrowWhite[] = {1};
+  pos += AppendPattern(result.get(), pos, narrowWhite, 1, 0, e);
+  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
     return nullptr;
-  }
+
   for (int32_t l = m_iContentLen - 1; l >= 0; l--) {
-    for (int32_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-      if (ALPHABET_STRING[i] == encodedContents[l]) {
-        ToIntArray(CHARACTER_ENCODINGS[i], widths);
-        pos += AppendPattern(result, pos, widths, 9, 1, e);
-        if (e != BCExceptionNO) {
-          FX_Free(result);
-          return nullptr;
-        }
-      }
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+      if (ALPHABET_STRING[i] != encodedContents[l])
+        continue;
+
+      ToIntArray(CHARACTER_ENCODINGS[i], widths);
+      pos += AppendPattern(result.get(), pos, widths, 9, 1, e);
+      if (e != BCExceptionNO)
+        return nullptr;
     }
-    pos += AppendPattern(result, pos, narrowWhite, 1, 0, e);
-    if (e != BCExceptionNO) {
-      FX_Free(result);
+    pos += AppendPattern(result.get(), pos, narrowWhite, 1, 0, e);
+    if (e != BCExceptionNO)
       return nullptr;
-    }
   }
   ToIntArray(CHARACTER_ENCODINGS[39], widths);
-  pos += AppendPattern(result, pos, widths, 9, 1, e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO) {
-    FX_Free(result);
+  pos += AppendPattern(result.get(), pos, widths, 9, 1, e);
+  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
     return nullptr;
-  }
+
+  auto* result_ptr = result.get();
   for (int32_t i = 0; i < codeWidth / 2; i++) {
-    result[i] ^= result[codeWidth - 1 - i];
-    result[codeWidth - 1 - i] ^= result[i];
-    result[i] ^= result[codeWidth - 1 - i];
+    result_ptr[i] ^= result_ptr[codeWidth - 1 - i];
+    result_ptr[codeWidth - 1 - i] ^= result_ptr[i];
+    result_ptr[i] ^= result_ptr[codeWidth - 1 - i];
   }
-  return result;
+  return result.release();
 }
-CFX_WideString CBC_OnedCode39Writer::encodedContents(
-    const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
-    int32_t& e) {
-  CFX_WideString encodedContents(contents);
+
+bool CBC_OnedCode39Writer::encodedContents(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
+                                           CFX_WideString* result) {
+  *result = CFX_WideString(contents);
   if (m_bCalcChecksum && m_bPrintChecksum) {
     CFX_WideString checksumContent = FilterContents(contents);
     CFX_ByteString str = checksumContent.UTF8Encode();
     char checksum;
-    checksum = CalcCheckSum(str, e);
-    if (e != BCExceptionNO)
-      return CFX_WideString();
+    checksum = CalcCheckSum(str);
+    if (checksum == '*')
+      return false;
     str += checksum;
-    encodedContents += checksum;
+    *result += checksum;
   }
-  return encodedContents;
+  return true;
 }
-void CBC_OnedCode39Writer::RenderResult(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
+
+bool CBC_OnedCode39Writer::RenderResult(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
                                         uint8_t* code,
                                         int32_t codeLength,
-                                        bool isDevice,
-                                        int32_t& e) {
-  CFX_WideString encodedCon = encodedContents(contents, e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
-    return;
-  CBC_OneDimWriter::RenderResult(encodedCon.AsStringC(), code, codeLength,
-                                 isDevice, e);
+                                        bool isDevice) {
+  CFX_WideString encodedCon;
+  if (!encodedContents(contents, &encodedCon))
+    return false;
+  return CBC_OneDimWriter::RenderResult(encodedCon.AsStringC(), code,
+                                        codeLength, isDevice);
 }
diff --git a/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedCode39Writer.h b/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedCode39Writer.h
index 6926d93..4892a1f 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedCode39Writer.h
+++ b/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedCode39Writer.h
@@ -16,39 +16,31 @@
   ~CBC_OnedCode39Writer() override;
 
   // CBC_OneDimWriter
-  uint8_t* Encode(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-                  BCFORMAT format,
-                  int32_t& outWidth,
-                  int32_t& outHeight,
-                  int32_t& e) override;
-  uint8_t* Encode(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-                  BCFORMAT format,
-                  int32_t& outWidth,
-                  int32_t& outHeight,
-                  int32_t hints,
-                  int32_t& e) override;
-  uint8_t* Encode(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-                  int32_t& outLength,
-                  int32_t& e) override;
-  void RenderResult(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
+  uint8_t* EncodeWithHint(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
+                          BCFORMAT format,
+                          int32_t& outWidth,
+                          int32_t& outHeight,
+                          int32_t hints) override;
+  uint8_t* EncodeImpl(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
+                      int32_t& outLength) override;
+  bool RenderResult(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
                     uint8_t* code,
                     int32_t codeLength,
-                    bool isDevice,
-                    int32_t& e) override;
+                    bool isDevice) override;
   bool CheckContentValidity(const CFX_WideStringC& contents) override;
   CFX_WideString FilterContents(const CFX_WideStringC& contents) override;
   CFX_WideString RenderTextContents(const CFX_WideStringC& contents) override;
 
-  virtual CFX_WideString encodedContents(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
-                                         int32_t& e);
   virtual bool SetTextLocation(BC_TEXT_LOC loction);
-  virtual bool SetWideNarrowRatio(int32_t ratio);
+  virtual bool SetWideNarrowRatio(int8_t ratio);
+
+  bool encodedContents(const CFX_WideStringC& contents, CFX_WideString* result);
 
  private:
-  void ToIntArray(int32_t a, int32_t* toReturn);
-  char CalcCheckSum(const CFX_ByteString& contents, int32_t& e);
+  void ToIntArray(int32_t a, int8_t* toReturn);
+  char CalcCheckSum(const CFX_ByteString& contents);
 
-  int32_t m_iWideNarrRatio;
+  int8_t m_iWideNarrRatio;
 };
 
 #endif  // FXBARCODE_ONED_BC_ONEDCODE39WRITER_H_
diff --git a/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedEAN13Writer.cpp b/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedEAN13Writer.cpp
index 96b51b0..7f38661 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedEAN13Writer.cpp
+++ b/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedEAN13Writer.cpp
@@ -20,22 +20,26 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include "fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedEAN13Writer.h"
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <vector>
+
 #include "core/fxge/cfx_fxgedevice.h"
 #include "core/fxge/cfx_gemodule.h"
 #include "fxbarcode/BC_Writer.h"
 #include "fxbarcode/oned/BC_OneDimWriter.h"
-#include "fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedEAN13Writer.h"
 
 namespace {
 
-const int32_t FIRST_DIGIT_ENCODINGS[10] = {0x00, 0x0B, 0x0D, 0xE,  0x13,
-                                           0x19, 0x1C, 0x15, 0x16, 0x1A};
-const int32_t START_END_PATTERN[3] = {1, 1, 1};
-const int32_t MIDDLE_PATTERN[5] = {1, 1, 1, 1, 1};
-const int32_t L_PATTERNS[10][4] = {
+const int8_t FIRST_DIGIT_ENCODINGS[10] = {0x00, 0x0B, 0x0D, 0xE,  0x13,
+                                          0x19, 0x1C, 0x15, 0x16, 0x1A};
+const int8_t START_END_PATTERN[3] = {1, 1, 1};
+const int8_t MIDDLE_PATTERN[5] = {1, 1, 1, 1, 1};
+const int8_t L_PATTERNS[10][4] = {
     {3, 2, 1, 1}, {2, 2, 2, 1}, {2, 1, 2, 2}, {1, 4, 1, 1}, {1, 1, 3, 2},
     {1, 2, 3, 1}, {1, 1, 1, 4}, {1, 3, 1, 2}, {1, 2, 1, 3}, {3, 1, 1, 2}};
-const int32_t L_AND_G_PATTERNS[20][4] = {
+const int8_t L_AND_G_PATTERNS[20][4] = {
     {3, 2, 1, 1}, {2, 2, 2, 1}, {2, 1, 2, 2}, {1, 4, 1, 1}, {1, 1, 3, 2},
     {1, 2, 3, 1}, {1, 1, 1, 4}, {1, 3, 1, 2}, {1, 2, 1, 3}, {3, 1, 1, 2},
     {1, 1, 2, 3}, {1, 2, 2, 2}, {2, 2, 1, 2}, {1, 1, 4, 1}, {2, 3, 1, 1},
@@ -87,100 +91,74 @@
   checksum = (10 - checksum) % 10;
   return (checksum);
 }
-uint8_t* CBC_OnedEAN13Writer::Encode(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-                                     BCFORMAT format,
-                                     int32_t& outWidth,
-                                     int32_t& outHeight,
-                                     int32_t& e) {
-  uint8_t* ret = Encode(contents, format, outWidth, outHeight, 0, e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
+
+uint8_t* CBC_OnedEAN13Writer::EncodeWithHint(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
+                                             BCFORMAT format,
+                                             int32_t& outWidth,
+                                             int32_t& outHeight,
+                                             int32_t hints) {
+  if (format != BCFORMAT_EAN_13)
     return nullptr;
-  return ret;
+  return CBC_OneDimWriter::EncodeWithHint(contents, format, outWidth, outHeight,
+                                          hints);
 }
-uint8_t* CBC_OnedEAN13Writer::Encode(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-                                     BCFORMAT format,
-                                     int32_t& outWidth,
-                                     int32_t& outHeight,
-                                     int32_t hints,
-                                     int32_t& e) {
-  if (format != BCFORMAT_EAN_13) {
-    e = BCExceptionOnlyEncodeEAN_13;
-  }
-  uint8_t* ret =
-      CBC_OneDimWriter::Encode(contents, format, outWidth, outHeight, hints, e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
+
+uint8_t* CBC_OnedEAN13Writer::EncodeImpl(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
+                                         int32_t& outLength) {
+  if (contents.GetLength() != 13)
     return nullptr;
-  return ret;
-}
-uint8_t* CBC_OnedEAN13Writer::Encode(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-                                     int32_t& outLength,
-                                     int32_t& e) {
-  if (contents.GetLength() != 13) {
-    e = BCExceptionDigitLengthShould13;
-    return nullptr;
-  }
+
   m_iDataLenth = 13;
   int32_t firstDigit = FXSYS_atoi(contents.Mid(0, 1).c_str());
   int32_t parities = FIRST_DIGIT_ENCODINGS[firstDigit];
   outLength = m_codeWidth;
-  uint8_t* result = FX_Alloc(uint8_t, m_codeWidth);
+  std::unique_ptr<uint8_t, FxFreeDeleter> result(
+      FX_Alloc(uint8_t, m_codeWidth));
   int32_t pos = 0;
-  pos += AppendPattern(result, pos, START_END_PATTERN, 3, 1, e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO) {
-    FX_Free(result);
+  int32_t e = BCExceptionNO;
+  pos += AppendPattern(result.get(), pos, START_END_PATTERN, 3, 1, e);
+  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
     return nullptr;
-  }
+
   int32_t i = 0;
   for (i = 1; i <= 6; i++) {
     int32_t digit = FXSYS_atoi(contents.Mid(i, 1).c_str());
     if ((parities >> (6 - i) & 1) == 1) {
       digit += 10;
     }
-    pos += AppendPattern(result, pos, L_AND_G_PATTERNS[digit], 4, 0, e);
-    if (e != BCExceptionNO) {
-      FX_Free(result);
+    pos += AppendPattern(result.get(), pos, L_AND_G_PATTERNS[digit], 4, 0, e);
+    if (e != BCExceptionNO)
       return nullptr;
-    }
   }
-  pos += AppendPattern(result, pos, MIDDLE_PATTERN, 5, 0, e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO) {
-    FX_Free(result);
+  pos += AppendPattern(result.get(), pos, MIDDLE_PATTERN, 5, 0, e);
+  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
     return nullptr;
-  }
+
   for (i = 7; i <= 12; i++) {
     int32_t digit = FXSYS_atoi(contents.Mid(i, 1).c_str());
-    pos += AppendPattern(result, pos, L_PATTERNS[digit], 4, 1, e);
-    if (e != BCExceptionNO) {
-      FX_Free(result);
+    pos += AppendPattern(result.get(), pos, L_PATTERNS[digit], 4, 1, e);
+    if (e != BCExceptionNO)
       return nullptr;
-    }
   }
-  pos += AppendPattern(result, pos, START_END_PATTERN, 3, 1, e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO) {
-    FX_Free(result);
+  pos += AppendPattern(result.get(), pos, START_END_PATTERN, 3, 1, e);
+  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
     return nullptr;
-  }
-  return result;
+  return result.release();
 }
 
-void CBC_OnedEAN13Writer::ShowChars(
-    const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
-    CFX_RenderDevice* device,
-    const CFX_Matrix* matrix,
-    int32_t barWidth,
-    int32_t multiple,
-    int32_t& e) {
-  if (!device) {
-    e = BCExceptionIllegalArgument;
-    return;
-  }
+bool CBC_OnedEAN13Writer::ShowChars(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
+                                    CFX_RenderDevice* device,
+                                    const CFX_Matrix* matrix,
+                                    int32_t barWidth,
+                                    int32_t multiple) {
+  if (!device)
+    return false;
+
   int32_t leftPadding = 7 * multiple;
   int32_t leftPosition = 3 * multiple + leftPadding;
   CFX_ByteString str = FX_UTF8Encode(contents);
   int32_t iLen = str.GetLength();
-  FXTEXT_CHARPOS* pCharPos = FX_Alloc(FXTEXT_CHARPOS, iLen);
-  memset(pCharPos, 0, sizeof(FXTEXT_CHARPOS) * iLen);
-
+  std::vector<FXTEXT_CHARPOS> charpos(iLen);
   int32_t iFontSize = (int32_t)fabs(m_fFontSize);
   int32_t iTextHeight = iFontSize + 1;
   CFX_ByteString tempStr = str.Mid(1, 6);
@@ -214,7 +192,7 @@
   iLen = tempStr.GetLength();
   strWidth = (int32_t)(strWidth * m_outputHScale);
 
-  CalcTextInfo(tempStr, pCharPos + 1, m_pFont, (float)strWidth, iFontSize,
+  CalcTextInfo(tempStr, &charpos[1], m_pFont, (float)strWidth, iFontSize,
                blank);
   {
     CFX_Matrix affine_matrix1(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, -1.0,
@@ -222,13 +200,13 @@
                               (float)(m_Height - iTextHeight) + iFontSize);
     if (matrix)
       affine_matrix1.Concat(*matrix);
-    device->DrawNormalText(iLen, pCharPos + 1, m_pFont,
+    device->DrawNormalText(iLen, &charpos[1], m_pFont,
                            static_cast<float>(iFontSize), &affine_matrix1,
                            m_fontColor, FXTEXT_CLEARTYPE);
   }
   tempStr = str.Mid(7, 6);
   iLen = tempStr.GetLength();
-  CalcTextInfo(tempStr, pCharPos + 7, m_pFont, (float)strWidth, iFontSize,
+  CalcTextInfo(tempStr, &charpos[7], m_pFont, (float)strWidth, iFontSize,
                blank);
   {
     CFX_Matrix affine_matrix1(
@@ -237,7 +215,7 @@
         (float)(m_Height - iTextHeight + iFontSize));
     if (matrix)
       affine_matrix1.Concat(*matrix);
-    device->DrawNormalText(iLen, pCharPos + 7, m_pFont,
+    device->DrawNormalText(iLen, &charpos[7], m_pFont,
                            static_cast<float>(iFontSize), &affine_matrix1,
                            m_fontColor, FXTEXT_CLEARTYPE);
   }
@@ -246,23 +224,16 @@
   strWidth = multiple * 7;
   strWidth = (int32_t)(strWidth * m_outputHScale);
 
-  CalcTextInfo(tempStr, pCharPos, m_pFont, (float)strWidth, iFontSize, blank);
+  CalcTextInfo(tempStr, charpos.data(), m_pFont, (float)strWidth, iFontSize,
+               blank);
   {
     CFX_Matrix affine_matrix1(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, -1.0, 0.0,
                               (float)(m_Height - iTextHeight + iFontSize));
     if (matrix)
       affine_matrix1.Concat(*matrix);
-    device->DrawNormalText(iLen, pCharPos, m_pFont,
+    device->DrawNormalText(iLen, charpos.data(), m_pFont,
                            static_cast<float>(iFontSize), &affine_matrix1,
                            m_fontColor, FXTEXT_CLEARTYPE);
   }
-  FX_Free(pCharPos);
-}
-
-void CBC_OnedEAN13Writer::RenderResult(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
-                                       uint8_t* code,
-                                       int32_t codeLength,
-                                       bool isDevice,
-                                       int32_t& e) {
-  CBC_OneDimWriter::RenderResult(contents, code, codeLength, isDevice, e);
+  return true;
 }
diff --git a/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedEAN13Writer.h b/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedEAN13Writer.h
index 377d18a..826d161 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedEAN13Writer.h
+++ b/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedEAN13Writer.h
@@ -20,37 +20,24 @@
   ~CBC_OnedEAN13Writer() override;
 
   // CBC_OneDimWriter
-  uint8_t* Encode(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-                  BCFORMAT format,
-                  int32_t& outWidth,
-                  int32_t& outHeight,
-                  int32_t& e) override;
-  uint8_t* Encode(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-                  BCFORMAT format,
-                  int32_t& outWidth,
-                  int32_t& outHeight,
-                  int32_t hints,
-                  int32_t& e) override;
-  uint8_t* Encode(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-                  int32_t& outLength,
-                  int32_t& e) override;
-  void RenderResult(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
-                    uint8_t* code,
-                    int32_t codeLength,
-                    bool isDevice,
-                    int32_t& e) override;
+  uint8_t* EncodeWithHint(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
+                          BCFORMAT format,
+                          int32_t& outWidth,
+                          int32_t& outHeight,
+                          int32_t hints) override;
+  uint8_t* EncodeImpl(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
+                      int32_t& outLength) override;
   bool CheckContentValidity(const CFX_WideStringC& contents) override;
   CFX_WideString FilterContents(const CFX_WideStringC& contents) override;
 
   int32_t CalcChecksum(const CFX_ByteString& contents);
 
  protected:
-  void ShowChars(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
+  bool ShowChars(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
                  CFX_RenderDevice* device,
                  const CFX_Matrix* matrix,
                  int32_t barWidth,
-                 int32_t multiple,
-                 int32_t& e) override;
+                 int32_t multiple) override;
 
  private:
   int32_t m_codeWidth;
diff --git a/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedEAN8Writer.cpp b/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedEAN8Writer.cpp
index 5ebc699..052e0d0 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedEAN8Writer.cpp
+++ b/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedEAN8Writer.cpp
@@ -20,18 +20,24 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include "fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedEAN8Writer.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cwctype>
+#include <memory>
+#include <vector>
+
 #include "core/fxge/cfx_fxgedevice.h"
 #include "core/fxge/cfx_gemodule.h"
 #include "fxbarcode/BC_Writer.h"
 #include "fxbarcode/common/BC_CommonBitMatrix.h"
 #include "fxbarcode/oned/BC_OneDimWriter.h"
-#include "fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedEAN8Writer.h"
 
 namespace {
 
-const int32_t START_END_PATTERN[3] = {1, 1, 1};
-const int32_t MIDDLE_PATTERN[5] = {1, 1, 1, 1, 1};
-const int32_t L_PATTERNS[10][4] = {
+const int8_t START_END_PATTERN[3] = {1, 1, 1};
+const int8_t MIDDLE_PATTERN[5] = {1, 1, 1, 1, 1};
+const int8_t L_PATTERNS[10][4] = {
     {3, 2, 1, 1}, {2, 2, 2, 1}, {2, 1, 2, 2}, {1, 4, 1, 1}, {1, 1, 3, 2},
     {1, 2, 3, 1}, {1, 1, 1, 4}, {1, 3, 1, 2}, {1, 2, 1, 3}, {3, 1, 1, 2}};
 
@@ -41,10 +47,13 @@
   m_iDataLenth = 8;
   m_codeWidth = 3 + (7 * 4) + 5 + (7 * 4) + 3;
 }
+
 CBC_OnedEAN8Writer::~CBC_OnedEAN8Writer() {}
+
 void CBC_OnedEAN8Writer::SetDataLength(int32_t length) {
   m_iDataLenth = 8;
 }
+
 bool CBC_OnedEAN8Writer::SetTextLocation(BC_TEXT_LOC location) {
   if (location == BC_TEXT_LOC_BELOWEMBED) {
     m_locTextLoc = location;
@@ -52,16 +61,11 @@
   }
   return false;
 }
+
 bool CBC_OnedEAN8Writer::CheckContentValidity(const CFX_WideStringC& contents) {
-  for (int32_t i = 0; i < contents.GetLength(); i++) {
-    if (contents.GetAt(i) >= '0' && contents.GetAt(i) <= '9') {
-      continue;
-    } else {
-      return false;
-    }
-  }
-  return true;
+  return std::all_of(contents.begin(), contents.end(), std::iswdigit);
 }
+
 CFX_WideString CBC_OnedEAN8Writer::FilterContents(
     const CFX_WideStringC& contents) {
   CFX_WideString filtercontents;
@@ -78,6 +82,7 @@
   }
   return filtercontents;
 }
+
 int32_t CBC_OnedEAN8Writer::CalcChecksum(const CFX_ByteString& contents) {
   int32_t odd = 0;
   int32_t even = 0;
@@ -94,94 +99,67 @@
   checksum = (10 - checksum) % 10;
   return (checksum);
 }
-uint8_t* CBC_OnedEAN8Writer::Encode(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-                                    BCFORMAT format,
-                                    int32_t& outWidth,
-                                    int32_t& outHeight,
-                                    int32_t& e) {
-  uint8_t* ret = Encode(contents, format, outWidth, outHeight, 0, e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
+
+uint8_t* CBC_OnedEAN8Writer::EncodeWithHint(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
+                                            BCFORMAT format,
+                                            int32_t& outWidth,
+                                            int32_t& outHeight,
+                                            int32_t hints) {
+  if (format != BCFORMAT_EAN_8)
     return nullptr;
-  return ret;
+  return CBC_OneDimWriter::EncodeWithHint(contents, format, outWidth, outHeight,
+                                          hints);
 }
-uint8_t* CBC_OnedEAN8Writer::Encode(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-                                    BCFORMAT format,
-                                    int32_t& outWidth,
-                                    int32_t& outHeight,
-                                    int32_t hints,
-                                    int32_t& e) {
-  if (format != BCFORMAT_EAN_8) {
-    e = BCExceptionOnlyEncodeEAN_8;
+
+uint8_t* CBC_OnedEAN8Writer::EncodeImpl(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
+                                        int32_t& outLength) {
+  if (contents.GetLength() != 8)
     return nullptr;
-  }
-  uint8_t* ret =
-      CBC_OneDimWriter::Encode(contents, format, outWidth, outHeight, hints, e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
-    return nullptr;
-  return ret;
-}
-uint8_t* CBC_OnedEAN8Writer::Encode(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-                                    int32_t& outLength,
-                                    int32_t& e) {
-  if (contents.GetLength() != 8) {
-    e = BCExceptionDigitLengthMustBe8;
-    return nullptr;
-  }
+
   outLength = m_codeWidth;
-  uint8_t* result = FX_Alloc(uint8_t, m_codeWidth);
+  std::unique_ptr<uint8_t, FxFreeDeleter> result(
+      FX_Alloc(uint8_t, m_codeWidth));
   int32_t pos = 0;
-  pos += AppendPattern(result, pos, START_END_PATTERN, 3, 1, e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO) {
-    FX_Free(result);
+  int32_t e = BCExceptionNO;
+  pos += AppendPattern(result.get(), pos, START_END_PATTERN, 3, 1, e);
+  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
     return nullptr;
-  }
+
   int32_t i = 0;
   for (i = 0; i <= 3; i++) {
     int32_t digit = FXSYS_atoi(contents.Mid(i, 1).c_str());
-    pos += AppendPattern(result, pos, L_PATTERNS[digit], 4, 0, e);
-    if (e != BCExceptionNO) {
-      FX_Free(result);
+    pos += AppendPattern(result.get(), pos, L_PATTERNS[digit], 4, 0, e);
+    if (e != BCExceptionNO)
       return nullptr;
-    }
   }
-  pos += AppendPattern(result, pos, MIDDLE_PATTERN, 5, 0, e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO) {
-    FX_Free(result);
+  pos += AppendPattern(result.get(), pos, MIDDLE_PATTERN, 5, 0, e);
+  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
     return nullptr;
-  }
+
   for (i = 4; i <= 7; i++) {
     int32_t digit = FXSYS_atoi(contents.Mid(i, 1).c_str());
-    pos += AppendPattern(result, pos, L_PATTERNS[digit], 4, 1, e);
-    if (e != BCExceptionNO) {
-      FX_Free(result);
+    pos += AppendPattern(result.get(), pos, L_PATTERNS[digit], 4, 1, e);
+    if (e != BCExceptionNO)
       return nullptr;
-    }
   }
-  pos += AppendPattern(result, pos, START_END_PATTERN, 3, 1, e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO) {
-    FX_Free(result);
+  pos += AppendPattern(result.get(), pos, START_END_PATTERN, 3, 1, e);
+  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
     return nullptr;
-  }
-  return result;
+  return result.release();
 }
 
-void CBC_OnedEAN8Writer::ShowChars(
-    const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
-    CFX_RenderDevice* device,
-    const CFX_Matrix* matrix,
-    int32_t barWidth,
-    int32_t multiple,
-    int32_t& e) {
-  if (!device) {
-    e = BCExceptionIllegalArgument;
-    return;
-  }
+bool CBC_OnedEAN8Writer::ShowChars(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
+                                   CFX_RenderDevice* device,
+                                   const CFX_Matrix* matrix,
+                                   int32_t barWidth,
+                                   int32_t multiple) {
+  if (!device)
+    return false;
 
   int32_t leftPosition = 3 * multiple;
   CFX_ByteString str = FX_UTF8Encode(contents);
   int32_t iLength = str.GetLength();
-  FXTEXT_CHARPOS* pCharPos = FX_Alloc(FXTEXT_CHARPOS, iLength);
-  memset(pCharPos, 0, sizeof(FXTEXT_CHARPOS) * iLength);
+  std::vector<FXTEXT_CHARPOS> charpos(iLength);
   CFX_ByteString tempStr = str.Mid(0, 4);
   int32_t iLen = tempStr.GetLength();
   int32_t strWidth = 7 * multiple * 4;
@@ -207,19 +185,20 @@
   device->FillRect(&re, m_backgroundColor);
   strWidth = (int32_t)(strWidth * m_outputHScale);
 
-  CalcTextInfo(tempStr, pCharPos, m_pFont, (float)strWidth, iFontSize, blank);
+  CalcTextInfo(tempStr, charpos.data(), m_pFont, (float)strWidth, iFontSize,
+               blank);
   {
     CFX_Matrix affine_matrix1(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, -1.0,
                               (float)leftPosition * m_outputHScale,
                               (float)(m_Height - iTextHeight + iFontSize));
     affine_matrix1.Concat(*matrix);
-    device->DrawNormalText(iLen, pCharPos, m_pFont,
+    device->DrawNormalText(iLen, charpos.data(), m_pFont,
                            static_cast<float>(iFontSize), &affine_matrix1,
                            m_fontColor, FXTEXT_CLEARTYPE);
   }
   tempStr = str.Mid(4, 4);
   iLen = tempStr.GetLength();
-  CalcTextInfo(tempStr, pCharPos + 4, m_pFont, (float)strWidth, iFontSize,
+  CalcTextInfo(tempStr, &charpos[4], m_pFont, (float)strWidth, iFontSize,
                blank);
   {
     CFX_Matrix affine_matrix1(
@@ -228,17 +207,9 @@
         (float)(m_Height - iTextHeight + iFontSize));
     if (matrix)
       affine_matrix1.Concat(*matrix);
-    device->DrawNormalText(iLen, pCharPos + 4, m_pFont,
+    device->DrawNormalText(iLen, &charpos[4], m_pFont,
                            static_cast<float>(iFontSize), &affine_matrix1,
                            m_fontColor, FXTEXT_CLEARTYPE);
   }
-  FX_Free(pCharPos);
-}
-
-void CBC_OnedEAN8Writer::RenderResult(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
-                                      uint8_t* code,
-                                      int32_t codeLength,
-                                      bool isDevice,
-                                      int32_t& e) {
-  CBC_OneDimWriter::RenderResult(contents, code, codeLength, isDevice, e);
+  return true;
 }
diff --git a/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedEAN8Writer.h b/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedEAN8Writer.h
index 57f3b44..70c8fd4 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedEAN8Writer.h
+++ b/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedEAN8Writer.h
@@ -21,26 +21,13 @@
   ~CBC_OnedEAN8Writer() override;
 
   // CBC_OneDimWriter
-  uint8_t* Encode(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-                  BCFORMAT format,
-                  int32_t& outWidth,
-                  int32_t& outHeight,
-                  int32_t& e) override;
-  uint8_t* Encode(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-                  BCFORMAT format,
-                  int32_t& outWidth,
-                  int32_t& outHeight,
-                  int32_t hints,
-                  int32_t& e) override;
-  uint8_t* Encode(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-                  int32_t& outLength,
-                  int32_t& e) override;
-
-  void RenderResult(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
-                    uint8_t* code,
-                    int32_t codeLength,
-                    bool isDevice,
-                    int32_t& e) override;
+  uint8_t* EncodeWithHint(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
+                          BCFORMAT format,
+                          int32_t& outWidth,
+                          int32_t& outHeight,
+                          int32_t hints) override;
+  uint8_t* EncodeImpl(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
+                      int32_t& outLength) override;
   bool CheckContentValidity(const CFX_WideStringC& contents) override;
   CFX_WideString FilterContents(const CFX_WideStringC& contents) override;
   void SetDataLength(int32_t length) override;
@@ -49,12 +36,11 @@
   int32_t CalcChecksum(const CFX_ByteString& contents);
 
  protected:
-  void ShowChars(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
+  bool ShowChars(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
                  CFX_RenderDevice* device,
                  const CFX_Matrix* matrix,
                  int32_t barWidth,
-                 int32_t multiple,
-                 int32_t& e) override;
+                 int32_t multiple) override;
 
  private:
   int32_t m_codeWidth;
diff --git a/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedUPCAWriter.cpp b/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedUPCAWriter.cpp
index 3d31e2d..e5062a6 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedUPCAWriter.cpp
+++ b/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedUPCAWriter.cpp
@@ -20,12 +20,15 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include "fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedUPCAWriter.h"
+
+#include <vector>
+
 #include "core/fxge/cfx_fxgedevice.h"
 #include "core/fxge/cfx_gemodule.h"
 #include "fxbarcode/BC_Writer.h"
 #include "fxbarcode/oned/BC_OneDimWriter.h"
 #include "fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedEAN13Writer.h"
-#include "fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedUPCAWriter.h"
 #include "third_party/base/ptr_util.h"
 
 CBC_OnedUPCAWriter::CBC_OnedUPCAWriter() {
@@ -81,60 +84,38 @@
   return (checksum);
 }
 
-uint8_t* CBC_OnedUPCAWriter::Encode(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-                                    BCFORMAT format,
-                                    int32_t& outWidth,
-                                    int32_t& outHeight,
-                                    int32_t& e) {
-  uint8_t* ret = Encode(contents, format, outWidth, outHeight, 0, e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
+uint8_t* CBC_OnedUPCAWriter::EncodeWithHint(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
+                                            BCFORMAT format,
+                                            int32_t& outWidth,
+                                            int32_t& outHeight,
+                                            int32_t hints) {
+  if (format != BCFORMAT_UPC_A)
     return nullptr;
-  return ret;
-}
 
-uint8_t* CBC_OnedUPCAWriter::Encode(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-                                    BCFORMAT format,
-                                    int32_t& outWidth,
-                                    int32_t& outHeight,
-                                    int32_t hints,
-                                    int32_t& e) {
-  if (format != BCFORMAT_UPC_A) {
-    e = BCExceptionOnlyEncodeUPC_A;
-    return nullptr;
-  }
   CFX_ByteString toEAN13String = '0' + contents;
   m_iDataLenth = 13;
-  uint8_t* ret = m_subWriter->Encode(toEAN13String, BCFORMAT_EAN_13, outWidth,
-                                     outHeight, hints, e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
-    return nullptr;
-  return ret;
+  return m_subWriter->EncodeWithHint(toEAN13String, BCFORMAT_EAN_13, outWidth,
+                                     outHeight, hints);
 }
 
-uint8_t* CBC_OnedUPCAWriter::Encode(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-                                    int32_t& outLength,
-                                    int32_t& e) {
+uint8_t* CBC_OnedUPCAWriter::EncodeImpl(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
+                                        int32_t& outLength) {
   return nullptr;
 }
 
-void CBC_OnedUPCAWriter::ShowChars(
-    const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
-    CFX_RenderDevice* device,
-    const CFX_Matrix* matrix,
-    int32_t barWidth,
-    int32_t multiple,
-    int32_t& e) {
-  if (!device) {
-    e = BCExceptionIllegalArgument;
-    return;
-  }
+bool CBC_OnedUPCAWriter::ShowChars(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
+                                   CFX_RenderDevice* device,
+                                   const CFX_Matrix* matrix,
+                                   int32_t barWidth,
+                                   int32_t multiple) {
+  if (!device)
+    return false;
 
   int32_t leftPadding = 7 * multiple;
   int32_t leftPosition = 10 * multiple + leftPadding;
   CFX_ByteString str = FX_UTF8Encode(contents);
   int32_t iLen = str.GetLength();
-  FXTEXT_CHARPOS* pCharPos = FX_Alloc(FXTEXT_CHARPOS, iLen);
-  memset(pCharPos, 0, sizeof(FXTEXT_CHARPOS) * iLen);
+  std::vector<FXTEXT_CHARPOS> charpos(iLen);
   CFX_ByteString tempStr = str.Mid(1, 5);
   float strWidth = (float)35 * multiple;
   float blank = 0.0;
@@ -178,20 +159,20 @@
   device->FillRect(&re, m_backgroundColor);
   strWidth = strWidth * m_outputHScale;
 
-  CalcTextInfo(tempStr, pCharPos + 1, m_pFont, strWidth, iFontSize, blank);
+  CalcTextInfo(tempStr, &charpos[1], m_pFont, strWidth, iFontSize, blank);
   {
     CFX_Matrix affine_matrix1(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, -1.0,
                               (float)leftPosition * m_outputHScale,
                               (float)(m_Height - iTextHeight + iFontSize));
     if (matrix)
       affine_matrix1.Concat(*matrix);
-    device->DrawNormalText(iLen, pCharPos + 1, m_pFont,
+    device->DrawNormalText(iLen, &charpos[1], m_pFont,
                            static_cast<float>(iFontSize), &affine_matrix1,
                            m_fontColor, FXTEXT_CLEARTYPE);
   }
   tempStr = str.Mid(6, 5);
   iLen = tempStr.GetLength();
-  CalcTextInfo(tempStr, pCharPos + 6, m_pFont, strWidth, iFontSize, blank);
+  CalcTextInfo(tempStr, &charpos[6], m_pFont, strWidth, iFontSize, blank);
   {
     CFX_Matrix affine_matrix1(
         1.0, 0.0, 0.0, -1.0,
@@ -199,7 +180,7 @@
         (float)(m_Height - iTextHeight + iFontSize));
     if (matrix)
       affine_matrix1.Concat(*matrix);
-    device->DrawNormalText(iLen, pCharPos + 6, m_pFont,
+    device->DrawNormalText(iLen, &charpos[6], m_pFont,
                            static_cast<float>(iFontSize), &affine_matrix1,
                            m_fontColor, FXTEXT_CLEARTYPE);
   }
@@ -208,19 +189,19 @@
   strWidth = (float)multiple * 7;
   strWidth = strWidth * m_outputHScale;
 
-  CalcTextInfo(tempStr, pCharPos, m_pFont, strWidth, iFontSize, blank);
+  CalcTextInfo(tempStr, charpos.data(), m_pFont, strWidth, iFontSize, blank);
   {
     CFX_Matrix affine_matrix1(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, -1.0, 0,
                               (float)(m_Height - iTextHeight + iFontSize));
     if (matrix)
       affine_matrix1.Concat(*matrix);
-    device->DrawNormalText(iLen, pCharPos, m_pFont,
+    device->DrawNormalText(iLen, charpos.data(), m_pFont,
                            static_cast<float>(iFontSize), &affine_matrix1,
                            m_fontColor, FXTEXT_CLEARTYPE);
   }
   tempStr = str.Mid(11, 1);
   iLen = tempStr.GetLength();
-  CalcTextInfo(tempStr, pCharPos + 11, m_pFont, strWidth, iFontSize, blank);
+  CalcTextInfo(tempStr, &charpos[11], m_pFont, strWidth, iFontSize, blank);
   {
     CFX_Matrix affine_matrix1(
         1.0, 0.0, 0.0, -1.0,
@@ -228,17 +209,9 @@
         (float)(m_Height - iTextHeight + iFontSize));
     if (matrix)
       affine_matrix1.Concat(*matrix);
-    device->DrawNormalText(iLen, pCharPos + 11, m_pFont,
+    device->DrawNormalText(iLen, &charpos[11], m_pFont,
                            static_cast<float>(iFontSize), &affine_matrix1,
                            m_fontColor, FXTEXT_CLEARTYPE);
   }
-  FX_Free(pCharPos);
-}
-
-void CBC_OnedUPCAWriter::RenderResult(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
-                                      uint8_t* code,
-                                      int32_t codeLength,
-                                      bool isDevice,
-                                      int32_t& e) {
-  CBC_OneDimWriter::RenderResult(contents, code, codeLength, isDevice, e);
+  return true;
 }
diff --git a/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedUPCAWriter.h b/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedUPCAWriter.h
index c52f4e0..80f6196 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedUPCAWriter.h
+++ b/fxbarcode/oned/BC_OnedUPCAWriter.h
@@ -24,26 +24,13 @@
   ~CBC_OnedUPCAWriter() override;
 
   // CBC_OneDimWriter
-  uint8_t* Encode(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-                  BCFORMAT format,
-                  int32_t& outWidth,
-                  int32_t& outHeight,
-                  int32_t& e) override;
-  uint8_t* Encode(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-                  BCFORMAT format,
-                  int32_t& outWidth,
-                  int32_t& outHeight,
-                  int32_t hints,
-                  int32_t& e) override;
-  uint8_t* Encode(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
-                  int32_t& outLength,
-                  int32_t& e) override;
-
-  void RenderResult(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
-                    uint8_t* code,
-                    int32_t codeLength,
-                    bool isDevice,
-                    int32_t& e) override;
+  uint8_t* EncodeWithHint(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
+                          BCFORMAT format,
+                          int32_t& outWidth,
+                          int32_t& outHeight,
+                          int32_t hints) override;
+  uint8_t* EncodeImpl(const CFX_ByteString& contents,
+                      int32_t& outLength) override;
   bool CheckContentValidity(const CFX_WideStringC& contents) override;
   CFX_WideString FilterContents(const CFX_WideStringC& contents) override;
 
@@ -51,12 +38,11 @@
   int32_t CalcChecksum(const CFX_ByteString& contents);
 
  protected:
-  void ShowChars(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
+  bool ShowChars(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
                  CFX_RenderDevice* device,
                  const CFX_Matrix* matrix,
                  int32_t barWidth,
-                 int32_t multiple,
-                 int32_t& e) override;
+                 int32_t multiple) override;
 
  private:
   std::unique_ptr<CBC_OnedEAN13Writer> m_subWriter;
diff --git a/fxbarcode/pdf417/BC_PDF417Writer.cpp b/fxbarcode/pdf417/BC_PDF417Writer.cpp
index 5344b8a..6f06321 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/pdf417/BC_PDF417Writer.cpp
+++ b/fxbarcode/pdf417/BC_PDF417Writer.cpp
@@ -20,13 +20,16 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include "fxbarcode/pdf417/BC_PDF417Writer.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+
 #include "fxbarcode/BC_TwoDimWriter.h"
 #include "fxbarcode/common/BC_CommonBitArray.h"
 #include "fxbarcode/common/BC_CommonBitMatrix.h"
 #include "fxbarcode/pdf417/BC_PDF417.h"
 #include "fxbarcode/pdf417/BC_PDF417BarcodeMatrix.h"
 #include "fxbarcode/pdf417/BC_PDF417Compaction.h"
-#include "fxbarcode/pdf417/BC_PDF417Writer.h"
 
 CBC_PDF417Writer::CBC_PDF417Writer() {
   m_bFixedSize = false;
@@ -44,23 +47,24 @@
 void CBC_PDF417Writer::SetTruncated(bool truncated) {
   m_bTruncated = truncated;
 }
+
 uint8_t* CBC_PDF417Writer::Encode(const CFX_WideString& contents,
                                   int32_t& outWidth,
-                                  int32_t& outHeight,
-                                  int32_t& e) {
+                                  int32_t& outHeight) {
   CBC_PDF417 encoder;
   int32_t col = (m_Width / m_ModuleWidth - 69) / 17;
   int32_t row = m_Height / (m_ModuleWidth * 20);
-  if (row >= 3 && row <= 90 && col >= 1 && col <= 30) {
+  if (row >= 3 && row <= 90 && col >= 1 && col <= 30)
     encoder.setDimensions(col, col, row, row);
-  } else if (col >= 1 && col <= 30) {
+  else if (col >= 1 && col <= 30)
     encoder.setDimensions(col, col, 90, 3);
-  } else if (row >= 3 && row <= 90) {
+  else if (row >= 3 && row <= 90)
     encoder.setDimensions(30, 1, row, row);
-  }
+  int32_t e = BCExceptionNO;
   encoder.generateBarcodeLogic(contents, m_iCorrectLevel, e);
   if (e != BCExceptionNO)
     return nullptr;
+
   int32_t lineThickness = 2;
   int32_t aspectRatio = 4;
   CBC_BarcodeMatrix* barcodeMatrix = encoder.getBarcodeMatrix();
@@ -80,12 +84,7 @@
   }
   int32_t scaleX = width / outWidth;
   int32_t scaleY = height / outHeight;
-  int32_t scale;
-  if (scaleX < scaleY) {
-    scale = scaleX;
-  } else {
-    scale = scaleY;
-  }
+  int32_t scale = std::min(scaleX, scaleY);
   if (scale > 1) {
     originalScale = barcodeMatrix->getScaledMatrix(
         scale * lineThickness, scale * aspectRatio * lineThickness);
@@ -100,6 +99,7 @@
   memcpy(result, originalScale.data(), outHeight * outWidth);
   return result;
 }
+
 void CBC_PDF417Writer::rotateArray(std::vector<uint8_t>& bitarray,
                                    int32_t height,
                                    int32_t width) {
diff --git a/fxbarcode/pdf417/BC_PDF417Writer.h b/fxbarcode/pdf417/BC_PDF417Writer.h
index ddfdc9b..3941871 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/pdf417/BC_PDF417Writer.h
+++ b/fxbarcode/pdf417/BC_PDF417Writer.h
@@ -20,8 +20,7 @@
 
   uint8_t* Encode(const CFX_WideString& contents,
                   int32_t& outWidth,
-                  int32_t& outHeight,
-                  int32_t& e);
+                  int32_t& outHeight);
 
   // CBC_TwoDimWriter
   bool SetErrorCorrectionLevel(int32_t level) override;
diff --git a/fxbarcode/qrcode/BC_QRCodeWriter.cpp b/fxbarcode/qrcode/BC_QRCodeWriter.cpp
index b7d5359..c679e9f 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/qrcode/BC_QRCodeWriter.cpp
+++ b/fxbarcode/qrcode/BC_QRCodeWriter.cpp
@@ -58,8 +58,7 @@
 uint8_t* CBC_QRCodeWriter::Encode(const CFX_WideString& contents,
                                   int32_t ecLevel,
                                   int32_t& outWidth,
-                                  int32_t& outHeight,
-                                  int32_t& e) {
+                                  int32_t& outHeight) {
   CBC_QRCoderErrorCorrectionLevel* ec = nullptr;
   switch (ecLevel) {
     case 0:
@@ -74,14 +73,11 @@
     case 3:
       ec = CBC_QRCoderErrorCorrectionLevel::H;
       break;
-    default: {
-      e = BCExceptionUnSupportEclevel;
+    default:
       return nullptr;
-    }
   }
   CBC_QRCoder qr;
-  CBC_QRCoderEncoder::Encode(contents, ec, &qr, e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
+  if (!CBC_QRCoderEncoder::Encode(contents, ec, &qr))
     return nullptr;
 
   outWidth = qr.GetMatrixWidth();
diff --git a/fxbarcode/qrcode/BC_QRCodeWriter.h b/fxbarcode/qrcode/BC_QRCodeWriter.h
index 42d77fc..1a0502d 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/qrcode/BC_QRCodeWriter.h
+++ b/fxbarcode/qrcode/BC_QRCodeWriter.h
@@ -20,8 +20,7 @@
   uint8_t* Encode(const CFX_WideString& contents,
                   int32_t ecLevel,
                   int32_t& outWidth,
-                  int32_t& outHeight,
-                  int32_t& e);
+                  int32_t& outHeight);
 
   // CBC_TwoDimWriter
   bool SetErrorCorrectionLevel(int32_t level) override;
diff --git a/fxbarcode/qrcode/BC_QRCoderEncoder.cpp b/fxbarcode/qrcode/BC_QRCoderEncoder.cpp
index a08bf31..955e2c7 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/qrcode/BC_QRCoderEncoder.cpp
+++ b/fxbarcode/qrcode/BC_QRCoderEncoder.cpp
@@ -203,17 +203,14 @@
     e = BCExceptionUnsupportedMode;
 }
 
-void InitQRCode(int32_t numInputBytes,
+bool InitQRCode(int32_t numInputBytes,
                 const CBC_QRCoderErrorCorrectionLevel* ecLevel,
                 CBC_QRCoderMode* mode,
-                CBC_QRCoder* qrCode,
-                int32_t& e) {
+                CBC_QRCoder* qrCode) {
   qrCode->SetECLevel(ecLevel);
   qrCode->SetMode(mode);
   for (int32_t i = 1; i <= CBC_QRCoderVersion::kMaxVersion; ++i) {
     const auto* version = CBC_QRCoderVersion::GetVersionForNumber(i);
-    if (!version)
-      return;
     int32_t numBytes = version->GetTotalCodeWords();
     const auto* ecBlocks = version->GetECBlocksForLevel(*ecLevel);
     int32_t numEcBytes = ecBlocks->GetTotalECCodeWords();
@@ -226,10 +223,10 @@
       qrCode->SetNumRSBlocks(numRSBlocks);
       qrCode->SetNumECBytes(numEcBytes);
       qrCode->SetMatrixWidth(version->GetDimensionForVersion());
-      return;
+      return true;
     }
   }
-  e = BCExceptionCannotFindBlockInfo;
+  return false;
 }
 
 std::unique_ptr<CBC_CommonByteArray> GenerateECBytes(
@@ -347,14 +344,10 @@
   }
 }
 
-void TerminateBits(int32_t numDataBytes,
-                   CBC_QRCoderBitVector* bits,
-                   int32_t& e) {
+bool TerminateBits(int32_t numDataBytes, CBC_QRCoderBitVector* bits) {
   size_t capacity = numDataBytes << 3;
-  if (bits->Size() > capacity) {
-    e = BCExceptionDataTooMany;
-    return;
-  }
+  if (bits->Size() > capacity)
+    return false;
 
   for (int32_t i = 0; i < 4 && bits->Size() < capacity; ++i)
     bits->AppendBit(0);
@@ -366,15 +359,13 @@
       bits->AppendBit(0);
   }
 
-  if (bits->Size() % 8 != 0) {
-    e = BCExceptionDigitLengthMustBe8;
-    return;
-  }
+  if (bits->Size() % 8 != 0)
+    return false;
+
   int32_t numPaddingBytes = numDataBytes - bits->sizeInBytes();
   for (int32_t k = 0; k < numPaddingBytes; ++k)
     bits->AppendBits(k % 2 ? 0x11 : 0xec, 8);
-  if (bits->Size() != capacity)
-    e = BCExceptionBitsNotEqualCacity;
+  return bits->Size() == capacity;
 }
 
 void MergeString(std::vector<ModeStringPair>* result,
@@ -514,18 +505,16 @@
   return CBC_QRCoderMode::sBYTE;
 }
 
-void InterleaveWithECBytes(CBC_QRCoderBitVector* bits,
+bool InterleaveWithECBytes(CBC_QRCoderBitVector* bits,
                            int32_t numTotalBytes,
                            int32_t numDataBytes,
                            int32_t numRSBlocks,
-                           CBC_QRCoderBitVector* result,
-                           int32_t& e) {
+                           CBC_QRCoderBitVector* result) {
   ASSERT(numTotalBytes >= 0);
   ASSERT(numDataBytes >= 0);
-  if (bits->sizeInBytes() != static_cast<size_t>(numDataBytes)) {
-    e = BCExceptionBitsBytesNotMatch;
-    return;
-  }
+  if (bits->sizeInBytes() != static_cast<size_t>(numDataBytes))
+    return false;
+
   int32_t dataBytesOffset = 0;
   int32_t maxNumDataBytes = 0;
   int32_t maxNumEcBytes = 0;
@@ -540,19 +529,17 @@
     dataBytes->Set(bits->GetArray(), dataBytesOffset, numDataBytesInBlock);
     std::unique_ptr<CBC_CommonByteArray> ecBytes =
         GenerateECBytes(dataBytes.get(), numEcBytesInBlosk);
-    if (!ecBytes) {
-      e = BCExceptionGeneric;
-      return;
-    }
+    if (!ecBytes)
+      return false;
+
     maxNumDataBytes = std::max(maxNumDataBytes, dataBytes->Size());
     maxNumEcBytes = std::max(maxNumEcBytes, ecBytes->Size());
     blocks[i].SetData(std::move(dataBytes), std::move(ecBytes));
     dataBytesOffset += numDataBytesInBlock;
   }
-  if (numDataBytes != dataBytesOffset) {
-    e = BCExceptionBytesNotMatchOffset;
-    return;
-  }
+  if (numDataBytes != dataBytesOffset)
+    return false;
+
   for (int32_t x = 0; x < maxNumDataBytes; x++) {
     for (size_t j = 0; j < blocks.size(); j++) {
       const CBC_CommonByteArray* dataBytes = blocks[j].GetDataBytes();
@@ -567,8 +554,7 @@
         result->AppendBits(ecBytes->At(y), 8);
     }
   }
-  if (static_cast<size_t>(numTotalBytes) != result->sizeInBytes())
-    e = BCExceptionSizeInBytesDiffer;
+  return static_cast<size_t>(numTotalBytes) == result->sizeInBytes();
 }
 
 }  // namespace
@@ -577,41 +563,39 @@
 
 CBC_QRCoderEncoder::~CBC_QRCoderEncoder() {}
 
-void CBC_QRCoderEncoder::Encode(const CFX_WideString& content,
+// static
+bool CBC_QRCoderEncoder::Encode(const CFX_WideString& content,
                                 const CBC_QRCoderErrorCorrectionLevel* ecLevel,
-                                CBC_QRCoder* qrCode,
-                                int32_t& e) {
+                                CBC_QRCoder* qrCode) {
   CFX_ByteString encoding = "utf8";
   CFX_ByteString utf8Data;
   CBC_UtilCodingConvert::UnicodeToUTF8(content, utf8Data);
   CBC_QRCoderMode* mode = ChooseMode(utf8Data, encoding);
   CBC_QRCoderBitVector dataBits;
+  int32_t e = BCExceptionNO;
   AppendBytes(utf8Data, mode, &dataBits, encoding, e);
   if (e != BCExceptionNO)
-    return;
+    return false;
   int32_t numInputBytes = dataBits.sizeInBytes();
-  InitQRCode(numInputBytes, ecLevel, mode, qrCode, e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
-    return;
+  if (!InitQRCode(numInputBytes, ecLevel, mode, qrCode))
+    return false;
   CBC_QRCoderBitVector headerAndDataBits;
   AppendModeInfo(mode, &headerAndDataBits);
   int32_t numLetters = mode == CBC_QRCoderMode::sBYTE ? dataBits.sizeInBytes()
                                                       : content.GetLength();
   if (!AppendLengthInfo(numLetters, qrCode->GetVersion(), mode,
                         &headerAndDataBits)) {
-    e = BCExceptionGeneric;
-    return;
+    return false;
   }
   headerAndDataBits.AppendBitVector(&dataBits);
-  TerminateBits(qrCode->GetNumDataBytes(), &headerAndDataBits, e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
-    return;
+  if (!TerminateBits(qrCode->GetNumDataBytes(), &headerAndDataBits))
+    return false;
   CBC_QRCoderBitVector finalBits;
-  InterleaveWithECBytes(&headerAndDataBits, qrCode->GetNumTotalBytes(),
-                        qrCode->GetNumDataBytes(), qrCode->GetNumRSBlocks(),
-                        &finalBits, e);
-  if (e != BCExceptionNO)
-    return;
+  if (!InterleaveWithECBytes(&headerAndDataBits, qrCode->GetNumTotalBytes(),
+                             qrCode->GetNumDataBytes(),
+                             qrCode->GetNumRSBlocks(), &finalBits)) {
+    return false;
+  }
 
   auto matrix = pdfium::MakeUnique<CBC_CommonByteMatrix>(
       qrCode->GetMatrixWidth(), qrCode->GetMatrixWidth());
@@ -619,16 +603,15 @@
   int32_t maskPattern = ChooseMaskPattern(
       &finalBits, qrCode->GetECLevel(), qrCode->GetVersion(), matrix.get(), e);
   if (e != BCExceptionNO)
-    return;
+    return false;
 
   qrCode->SetMaskPattern(maskPattern);
   CBC_QRCoderMatrixUtil::BuildMatrix(&finalBits, qrCode->GetECLevel(),
                                      qrCode->GetVersion(),
                                      qrCode->GetMaskPattern(), matrix.get(), e);
   if (e != BCExceptionNO)
-    return;
+    return false;
 
   qrCode->SetMatrix(std::move(matrix));
-  if (!qrCode->IsValid())
-    e = BCExceptionInvalidQRCode;
+  return qrCode->IsValid();
 }
diff --git a/fxbarcode/qrcode/BC_QRCoderEncoder.h b/fxbarcode/qrcode/BC_QRCoderEncoder.h
index 46ee05b..1c68b3b 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/qrcode/BC_QRCoderEncoder.h
+++ b/fxbarcode/qrcode/BC_QRCoderEncoder.h
@@ -21,10 +21,9 @@
   CBC_QRCoderEncoder();
   ~CBC_QRCoderEncoder();
 
-  static void Encode(const CFX_WideString& content,
+  static bool Encode(const CFX_WideString& content,
                      const CBC_QRCoderErrorCorrectionLevel* ecLevel,
-                     CBC_QRCoder* qrCode,
-                     int32_t& e);
+                     CBC_QRCoder* qrCode);
 };
 
 #endif  // FXBARCODE_QRCODE_BC_QRCODERENCODER_H_
diff --git a/fxbarcode/utils.h b/fxbarcode/utils.h
index 442e327..6f49695 100644
--- a/fxbarcode/utils.h
+++ b/fxbarcode/utils.h
@@ -60,40 +60,22 @@
 #include <ctype.h>
 #define BCExceptionNO 0
 #define BCExceptionHeightAndWidthMustBeAtLeast1 5
-#define BCExceptionFormatException 8
 #define BCExceptionIllegalArgument 16
-#define BCExceptionDigitLengthMustBe8 20
 #define BCExceptionNoContents 26
-#define BCExceptionUnSupportEclevel 27
 #define BCExceptionDegreeIsNegative 31
 #define BCExceptionAIsZero 37
-#define BCExceptionOnlyEncodeCODE_128 41
-#define BCExceptionOnlyEncodeCODE_39 42
-#define BCExceptionOnlyEncodeEAN_13 43
-#define BCExceptionOnlyEncodeEAN_8 44
-#define BCExceptionDigitLengthShould13 46
-#define BCExceptionOnlyEncodeUPC_A 48
 #define BCExceptionValueMustBeEither0or1 50
 #define BCExceptionBadIndexException 52
 #define BCExceptionNoSuchVersion 58
-#define BCExceptionCannotFindBlockInfo 59
-#define BCExceptionInvalidQRCode 61
-#define BCExceptionDataTooMany 62
-#define BCExceptionBitsNotEqualCacity 63
 #define BCExceptionUnsupportedMode 64
 #define BCExceptionInvalidateCharacter 65
-#define BCExceptionBytesNotMatchOffset 66
-#define BCExceptionSizeInBytesDiffer 67
 #define BCExceptionInvalidateMaskPattern 68
 #define BCExceptionNullPointer 69
 #define BCExceptionBadMask 70
 #define BCExceptionInvalidateImageData 73
 #define BCExceptionHeight_8BeZero 74
 #define BCExceptionCharacterNotThisMode 75
-#define BCExceptionBitsBytesNotMatch 76
 #define BCExceptionInvalidateData 77
-#define BCExceptionFailToCreateBitmap 80
-#define BCExceptionOnlyEncodeCODEBAR 82
 #define BCExceptionCharactersOutsideISO88591Encoding 87
 #define BCExceptionIllegalDataCodewords 88
 #define BCExceptionCannotHandleThisNumberOfDataRegions 89
@@ -108,7 +90,6 @@
 #define BCExceptionIllegalArgumentnMustBeAbove0 99
 #define BCExceptionUnableToFitMessageInColumns 100
 #define BCExceptionEncodedMessageContainsTooManyCodeWords 101
-#define BCExceptionBitmapSizeError 102
 #define BCExceptionGeneric 107
 
 #endif  // FXBARCODE_UTILS_H_
diff --git a/xfa/fwl/cfwl_barcode.cpp b/xfa/fwl/cfwl_barcode.cpp
index 87ecee1..378bb8e 100644
--- a/xfa/fwl/cfwl_barcode.cpp
+++ b/xfa/fwl/cfwl_barcode.cpp
@@ -52,9 +52,7 @@
     if (pMatrix)
       mt.Concat(*pMatrix);
 
-    int32_t errorCode = 0;
-    m_pBarcodeEngine->RenderDevice(pGraphics->GetRenderDevice(), pMatrix,
-                                   errorCode);
+    m_pBarcodeEngine->RenderDevice(pGraphics->GetRenderDevice(), pMatrix);
     return;
   }
   CFWL_Edit::DrawWidget(pGraphics, pMatrix);
@@ -131,7 +129,7 @@
   m_eTextLocation = location;
 }
 
-void CFWL_Barcode::SetWideNarrowRatio(int32_t ratio) {
+void CFWL_Barcode::SetWideNarrowRatio(int8_t ratio) {
   m_dwAttributeMask |= FWL_BCDATTRIBUTE_WIDENARROWRATIO;
   m_nWideNarrowRatio = ratio;
 }
@@ -206,8 +204,7 @@
   if (m_dwAttributeMask & FWL_BCDATTRIBUTE_TRUNCATED)
     m_pBarcodeEngine->SetTruncated(m_bTruncated);
 
-  int32_t errorCode = 0;
-  m_dwStatus = m_pBarcodeEngine->Encode(GetText().AsStringC(), true, errorCode)
+  m_dwStatus = m_pBarcodeEngine->Encode(GetText().AsStringC(), true)
                    ? XFA_BCS_EncodeSuccess
                    : 0;
 }
diff --git a/xfa/fwl/cfwl_barcode.h b/xfa/fwl/cfwl_barcode.h
index ce62d73..0620541 100644
--- a/xfa/fwl/cfwl_barcode.h
+++ b/xfa/fwl/cfwl_barcode.h
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
   void SetCalChecksum(bool calChecksum);
   void SetPrintChecksum(bool printChecksum);
   void SetTextLocation(BC_TEXT_LOC location);
-  void SetWideNarrowRatio(int32_t ratio);
+  void SetWideNarrowRatio(int8_t ratio);
   void SetStartChar(char startChar);
   void SetEndChar(char endChar);
   void SetErrorCorrectionLevel(int32_t ecLevel);
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@
   bool m_bCalChecksum;
   bool m_bPrintChecksum;
   BC_TEXT_LOC m_eTextLocation;
-  int32_t m_nWideNarrowRatio;
+  int8_t m_nWideNarrowRatio;
   char m_cStartChar;
   char m_cEndChar;
   int32_t m_nECLevel;
diff --git a/xfa/fwl/cfx_barcode.cpp b/xfa/fwl/cfx_barcode.cpp
index 9d01ae2..e999d3a 100644
--- a/xfa/fwl/cfx_barcode.cpp
+++ b/xfa/fwl/cfx_barcode.cpp
@@ -219,8 +219,8 @@
   return m_pBCEngine && memptr ? (m_pBCEngine.get()->*memptr)(location) : false;
 }
 
-bool CFX_Barcode::SetWideNarrowRatio(int32_t ratio) {
-  typedef bool (CBC_CodeBase::*memptrtype)(int32_t);
+bool CFX_Barcode::SetWideNarrowRatio(int8_t ratio) {
+  typedef bool (CBC_CodeBase::*memptrtype)(int8_t);
   memptrtype memptr = nullptr;
   switch (GetType()) {
     case BC_CODE39:
@@ -276,6 +276,7 @@
   }
   return m_pBCEngine && memptr ? (m_pBCEngine.get()->*memptr)(level) : false;
 }
+
 bool CFX_Barcode::SetTruncated(bool truncated) {
   typedef void (CBC_CodeBase::*memptrtype)(bool);
   memptrtype memptr = nullptr;
@@ -290,14 +291,11 @@
                                : false;
 }
 
-bool CFX_Barcode::Encode(const CFX_WideStringC& contents,
-                         bool isDevice,
-                         int32_t& e) {
-  return m_pBCEngine && m_pBCEngine->Encode(contents, isDevice, e);
+bool CFX_Barcode::Encode(const CFX_WideStringC& contents, bool isDevice) {
+  return m_pBCEngine && m_pBCEngine->Encode(contents, isDevice);
 }
 
 bool CFX_Barcode::RenderDevice(CFX_RenderDevice* device,
-                               const CFX_Matrix* matrix,
-                               int32_t& e) {
-  return m_pBCEngine && m_pBCEngine->RenderDevice(device, matrix, e);
+                               const CFX_Matrix* matrix) {
+  return m_pBCEngine && m_pBCEngine->RenderDevice(device, matrix);
 }
diff --git a/xfa/fwl/cfx_barcode.h b/xfa/fwl/cfx_barcode.h
index 20155ca..83cb234 100644
--- a/xfa/fwl/cfx_barcode.h
+++ b/xfa/fwl/cfx_barcode.h
@@ -27,11 +27,9 @@
 
   bool Create(BC_TYPE type);
   BC_TYPE GetType();
-  bool Encode(const CFX_WideStringC& contents, bool isDevice, int32_t& e);
+  bool Encode(const CFX_WideStringC& contents, bool isDevice);
 
-  bool RenderDevice(CFX_RenderDevice* device,
-                    const CFX_Matrix* matrix,
-                    int32_t& e);
+  bool RenderDevice(CFX_RenderDevice* device, const CFX_Matrix* matrix);
 
   bool SetCharEncoding(BC_CHAR_ENCODING encoding);
 
@@ -51,7 +49,7 @@
 
   bool SetTextLocation(BC_TEXT_LOC location);
 
-  bool SetWideNarrowRatio(int32_t ratio);
+  bool SetWideNarrowRatio(int8_t ratio);
   bool SetStartChar(char start);
   bool SetEndChar(char end);
   bool SetErrorCorrectionLevel(int32_t level);
diff --git a/xfa/fxfa/app/xfa_ffbarcode.cpp b/xfa/fxfa/app/xfa_ffbarcode.cpp
index 4e5e1f0..d15ec8c 100644
--- a/xfa/fxfa/app/xfa_ffbarcode.cpp
+++ b/xfa/fxfa/app/xfa_ffbarcode.cpp
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@
     pBarCodeWidget->SetTruncated(boolVal);
   }
   if (pAcc->GetBarcodeAttribute_WideNarrowRatio(floatVal)) {
-    pBarCodeWidget->SetWideNarrowRatio((int32_t)floatVal);
+    pBarCodeWidget->SetWideNarrowRatio(static_cast<int8_t>(floatVal));
   }
   if (pBarcodeTypeInfo->eName == XFA_BARCODETYPE_code3Of9 ||
       pBarcodeTypeInfo->eName == XFA_BARCODETYPE_ean8 ||